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1 C. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sE-Text Source:[ ]1 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sIndex Index2 Timeline: The 1900s 3 Map: Europe 1914 8 Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 9[ Precursors of Psychoanalysis | Mesmer | Pinel | Charcot | The Unconscious | Freud | Jung | Adler ]Sigmund Freud Selection: The Structure of the Unconscious 29 Behaviorism 33[ Pavlov | Thorndike | Watson | McDougall | Hull | Tolman | Skinner ]B. F. Skinner Selection 46 Walt Whitman There Was a Child Went Forth53 Gestalt Psychology 55[ Wertheimer | K hler | Koffka | The Theory | Lewin | Goldstein ]Kurt K hler Selection: Gestalt Psychology Today 62 Carl Rogers Selection: The Organization of Personality66 Phenomenological Existentialism 71[ Brentano | Stumpf | Husserl | Phenomenology | Heidegger | Sartre ]James Joyce Selection: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 79 Romance.

2 A Partial Analysis80 Modern Medicine and Physiology 82[ Technology and the brain | The psychopharmacological explosion | Genetics and the human genome ]A Brief History of the Lobotomy87 The Cognitive Movement 89[ Wiener | Turing | von Bertalanffy | Chomsky | Piaget | Hebb | Miller | Neisser ]A Computer Timeline99 Conclusions: Psychology Today and Tomorrow 110[ From Logical Positivism to Postmodernism | The Situation for Psychology ]2 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sTimeline: 1900s Psychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1863 Sekhenov Reflexes of the Brain1866 Gregor Mendel discovers the principles of heredity1869 von Hartmann: Philosophy of the Unconscious1874 Brentano: Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint1882 Charcot opens clinic at Salpetriere1883 Kraepelin publishes list of disorders1883 Nietzsche publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra1885-6 Freud studies hypnosis with Charcot1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus: On Memory1890 Ehrenfels: About the Qualities of the Gestalt1895 Breuer and Freud: Studies in Hysteria1895 Roentgen invents the X-ray1900 Freud: Interpretation of Dreams1900 Husserl.

3 Logical Investigations1906 Pavlov publishes first conditioning studies1906 Golgi and Ramon y Cajal win the Nobel for discovering the synapse1907 Jung meets Freud; Adler invited to join Freud's circle1907 Bekhterev: Objective Psychology1909 Freud, Jung, et al speak at Clark University3 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPsychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1910 Thomas Morgan discovers chromosomes1911 Adler forms his own Individual Psychology society1911 Thorndike: Animal Intelligence1912 McDougall: Psychology: The Study of Behavior1912 Wertheimer publishes paper on perception of movement1913 Watson: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It1913 K hler does chimpanzee studies1914 Jung splits from Freud, begins his "dark years"(1914 to 1917 WW I)1921 The Gestalt journal Psychologische Forschung first published1921 Loewi discovers the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine1922 Tolman presents "a new formula for behaviorism"1923 Wertheimer: Laws of Organization1924 Koffka: The Growth of Mind1926 Hermann J.

4 Muller creates mutations in fruit flies with X-rays1927 Alfred Adler: Understanding Human Nature1927 K hler: The Mentality of Apes1927 Heidegger: Being and Time4 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPsychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1929 Berger invents the EEG1930 Skinner publishes his first paper on conditioning1932 Tolman: Purposive Behavior in Men and Animals1932 Jean Piaget: The Moral Judgement of the Child1935 Lewin: A Dynamic Theory of Personality1935 Moniz performs the first lobotomy1936 Anna Freud: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense1936 Alan M. Turing, of Cambridge publishes a paper which introduces the Turing Karen Horney: The Neurotic Personality of our Time1937 Allport: Personality1938 Skinner: The Behavior of Organisms1938 The first use of electroshock(1939 to 1945 WW II)1940 Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Problems of Life1941 Fromm: Escape from Freedom1942 Jean Piaget: Psychology of Hull: Principles of Behavior1943 Binswanger: Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins5 | 115 Copyright 2006 C.

5 george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPsychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1944 Turing: Machine Intelligence1945 John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert and their team at the University of Pennsylvania, complete ENIAC1947 Goldstein: The Organism1948 Skinner: Walden II1948 Frankl: Experiences in a Concentration Camp1948 Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics1949 Donald Hebb: The Organization of Behavior1949 John Cade discovers the beneficial effects of lithium1950 Erik Erikson: Childhood and Society1950 Rollo May: The Meaning of Anxiety1951 Rogers: Client-Centered Therapy1952 Laborit discovers the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine (Thorazine)1953 Watson and Crick discover the structure of the DNA molecule1954 Carl Jung: Von dem Wurzeln des Bewusstseins1954 Gordon Allport: The Nature of Prejudice1954 Olds discovers the "pleasure center" of rats1954 Abraham Maslow: Motivation and Personality1955 george Kelly: Psychology of Personal Constructs1956 george A.

6 Miller publishes 7 +/- 2 Albert Ellis: How to Live with a Neurotic1957 Noam Chomsky: Syntactic Structures6 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPsychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1960 Miller: Plans and the Structure of Behavior1961 May, et al edit Existential Psychology1963 Sernbach discovers the antianxiety drug diasepam (Valium)1967 Hans Eysenck: The Biological Basis of Personality 1967 Ulric Neisser: Cognitive Psychology1969 ARPANET (future Internet) links first two computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Hounsfield invents the CAT scan1973 Albert Bandura: Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis1973 Snyder and Pert discover endorphin1974 D. T. Wong discovers fluoxetine (Prozac)1977 Damadian's first MRI1977 a virus is the first creature to have its complete genome revealed1976 Neisser: Cognition and Reality1980 First AAAI conference at Stanford7 | 115 Copyright 2006 C.

7 george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPsychiatry and PsychoanalysisBehaviorismPhenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and ExistentialismCognitive Psychology/ Artificial IntelligenceModern Medicine and Physiology1981 the PET scan invented1997 "Deep Blue" beats Kasparov, the best chess player in the HGP and Celera announce that they have completed working drafts of the human genome(The New Millennium Begins!)Map: Europe 1914 8 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sFreud and Psychoanalysis9 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPrecursors of Psychoanalysis It often surprises students that psychiatry meaning the doctoring of the mind was not invented by Sigmund Freud.

8 Psychoanalysis a particular (and very significant) brand of psychiatry was his baby. Psychiatrists existed before Freud, and most, psychiatrists today are not Freudian. The term psychiatry was coined by the German physician Johann Reil in 1808, and would slowly replace the older term "alienist." The new respect signalled by the new name was based on some significant improvements in the care of the mentally ill in the second half of the 1700's. There are three people I would like to pay my respects to as important precursors to psychoanalysis: Franz Anton Mesmer, who discovered hypnotism; Philippe Pinel, who changed the way we thought of and treated the mentally ill; and Jean-Martin Charcot, who is often considered the father of neurology. Franz Anton Mesmer Franz Anton Mesmer was born May 23, 1734 in Iznang, Germany, near Lake Constance.

9 He received his MD from the University of Vienna in 1766. His dissertation concerned the idea that the planets influenced the health of those of us on earth. He suggested that their gravitational forces could change the distribution of our animal spirits. Later, he changed his theory to emphasize magnetism rather than gravity hence the term "animal magnetism." It would soon, however, come to be known as mesmerism. He was, in fact, able to put people into trance states, even convulsions, by waving magnetized bars over them. His dramatic performances were quite popular for a while, although he believed that anyone could achieve the same results. In point of fact, some of his patients did in fact get relief from their symptoms a point that would later be investigated by others. When accused of fraud by other physicians in Vienna, he went to Paris. In 1784, the King of France, Louis XVI, appointed a commission including Benjamin Franklin to look into Mesmer and his practices.

10 They concluded that his results were due to nothing more than suggestion. Despite condemnation by many of the educated elite, mesmerism became a popular fad in the salons of Europe. In order to serve the many poor people who came to him for help, he designed a sort of bathtub in which they could sit while holding the magnetic rods themselves. He eventually created an organization to train other mesmerists. Mesmer died March 5, 1815 in Meersburg, also near Lake Constance, Germany. An English physician, James Braid (1795-1860), a much more careful researcher of Mesmer s phenomenon, termed it hypnotism. Disassociated from Mesmer, hypnotism would go on to have a long, if contraversial, life into the twentieth century. 10 | 115 Copyright 2006 C. george BoereeC. george boeree : History of Psychology Part Four: The 1900'sPhilippe Pinel Philippe Pinel was born on April 20, 1745, in the small town of Saint Andr.