EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES - Lifesmith

1 EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES . Page 1 Page 10. Radioactive Decay Data Inferred Properties of EARTH 's Interior Specific Heats of Common Materials Properties of Water Page 11. Equations Average Chemical Composition of EARTH 's Crust, Ruler Hydrosphere, and Troposphere Eurypterus (NY State Fossil) Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time Page 2 Page 12. Generalized Landscape Regions of NY State Dewpoint Temperatures ( C). Relative Humidity (%). Page 3. Generalized Bedrock Geology of NY State Page 13. Temperature Page 4 Pressure Surface Ocean Currents Weather Map Symbols: Page 5. Tectonic Plates Station Model Present Weather Page 6 Air Masses Rock Cycle in EARTH 's Crust Front Symbols / Hurricane Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity Page 14.

2 Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification Selected Properties of EARTH 's Atmosphere Electromagnetic Spectrum Page 7 Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification Page 15. Luminosity and Temperature of Stars Page 8 and 9 Solar System Data Geologic History of NY State Page 16. Properties of Common Minerals Radioactive Decay Data RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE. ISOTOPE (years). 3. Carbon-14 C. 14. N. 14 10. 40 9. 40 Ar 10. Potassium-40 K 40. Ca 9. Uranium-238 U. 238. Pb 206 10. 10. Rubidium-87 Rb 87. Sr 87 10. Specific Heats of Common Materials MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT.

3 (calories/gram C ). solid Water { liquid gas Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead Properties of Water Energy gained during melting .. 80 calories/gram Energy released during freezing .. 80 calories/gram Energy gained during vaporization .. 540 calories/gram Energy released during condensation .. 540 calories/gram Density at C .. gram/milliliter EQUATIONS. Percent deviation difference from accepted value deviation (%) = 100. from accepted value accepted value Eccentricity of an ellipse eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis change in field value Gradient gradient =. distance change in field value Rate of change rate of change =.}

4 Time mass Density of a substance density =. volume cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25. EURYPTERUS. New York State Fossil Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State S. ND. LA. DS. W. LO. AN. GRENVILLE PROVINCE E. NC. L. (HIGHLANDS) E. W. R. W. CHAMPLAIN LO.. LA. ST. INTERIOR LOWLANDS. ADIRONDACK. MOUNTAINS. LAKE ONTARIO. TUG. HILL. PLATEAU. E. C. ERIE ONTARIO LOWLANDS. IN. S) V. (PLAINS). D O. ND S. S. N R. LA P. UNTAIN. H ND. LAKE. W LA. IG A. (H GL. ERIE. EN. K LO. IC MO. EW. ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. N. M O H AW. TACON. THE. CATSKILLS. ON . S. AND. S) HIGHL. ND SON. DS. A HUD ONG. PL N PR. HU. (U TTA.

5 HA. U MAN. T EA. A. PL KEY. A N. Major Geographic Province Boundary L PLA. IN. HI. STA. C. CO. A N. LA. Landscape Region Boundary S. LA K. IC. ND. T. W AR. PA. State Boundary L AN. LO EW. AP. N AT. International Boundary EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES 2001 Edition Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. 1989. ara River ag Ni N. GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK. CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays }. O UND. LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill) AND S.

6 Dominantly ISL. PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales NG. Sedimentary LO. DEVONIAN. SILURIAN } limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. Origin ORDOVICIAN. CAMBRIAN } limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones }. CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River. Dominantly CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists Metamorphosed Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex. Rocks TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages.

7 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks } Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 ). 3. Surface Ocean Currents EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES 2001 Edition Tectonic Plates Philippine Plate Fiji Plate dge Mid-Atlantic Ri Sandwich Plate KEY: overriding plate subducting plate Transform Plate Boundary Complex or Uncertain Relative Motion Mantle Divergent Plate Boundary (Transform Fault) Plate Boundary at Plate Boundary Hot Spot (usually broken by transform Convergent Plate Boundary faults along mid-ocean ridges) ( subduction Zone).

8 NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown. Mid-Ocean Ridge 5. Rock Cycle in EARTH 's Crust Relationship of Transported Burial Particle Size to Water Velocity De Compaction po s it on ion at i m e nt Ce SEDIMENTS. SEDIMENTARY. Erosion ROCK. Weathering & Erosion We (Up athe lift). ring Heat and/or Pressu & Er osio Metamorphism Melting n /or Pressure t a nd Hea tamorphism (Uplift). Me lift) io n IGNEOUS. os re (Up & Er ring ROCK. the Wea lting METAMORPHIC Me ion at ROCK ic if li d So Me ltin g MAGMA. Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity BOULDERS. cm COBBLES. PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm).

9 Cm PEBBLES. cm SAND. cm SILT. cm CLAY. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800. STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec). *This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape. Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification GRAIN. SIZE TEXTURE. crystalline Obsidian Non- Basaltic Glass Non- (usually appears black) vesicular ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION. Glassy EXTRUSIVE. (Volcanic). Pumice Vesicular Basaltic Glass Vesicular IGNEOUS ROCKS. (gas Vesicular Rhyolite Vesicular Vesicular pockets). Scoria less than Andesite Basalt 1 mm Fine Rhyolite Andesite Basalt larger 10 mm Dunite 10 mm 1 mm Peri- Non- INTRUSIVE.

10 Granite Diorite Coarse to Gabbro (Plutonic). dotite vesicular Very or Pegmatite Coarse CHARACTERISTICS. LIGHT COLOR DARK. LOW DENSITY HIGH. FELSIC (Al) COMPOSITION MAFIC (Fe, Mg). 100% 100%. Potassium feldspar (pink to white). MINERAL COMPOSITION. 75% 75%. Quartz (Relative by Volume). (clear to white) Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray). 50% 50%. Pyroxene (green). Biotite (black). 25% Olivine 25%. (green). Amphibole (black). 0% 0%. a Clastic TEXTURE. FOLIATED. TEXTURE. (fragmental). TEXTURE. Crystalline Bioclastic ALIGNMENT. MINERAL. BAND- ING. NONFOLIATED. Sand Clay SIZE. Fine Fine to medium Medium to coarse Fine Fine to coarse Coarse GRAIN SIZE.