ECMAScript: A general purpose, cross-platform programming ...

1 Standard ECMA-262 June 1997 Standardizing Information and Communication SystemsPhone: +41 22 - Fax: +41 22 - URL: - Internet: A general purpose, cross-platform ECMA-262 June 1997 Standardizing Information and Communication SystemsPhone: +41 22 - Fax: +41 22 - URL: - Internet: 16-09-97 12,08 ECMAS cript : A general purpose, cross-platform HistoryThis ECMA Standard is based on several originating technologies, the most well known being JavaScript (NetscapeCommunications) and JScript (Microsoft Corporation).

2 The development of this Standard has started in November ECMA Standard is submitted to ISO/IEC JTC 1 for adoption under the fast-track ECMA Standard has been adopted by the ECMA general Assembly of June i -Table of contents1 Scope12 Conformance13 References14 Web Language Primitive Native Built-in Host Undefined Null Boolean Boolean Boolean String String String Number Number Number NaN55 Notational Syntactic and Lexical Context-Free The lexical The numeric string The syntactic Grammar Algorithm conventions86 Source Text97 Lexical White Line Terminators10- ii Reserved Future Reserved Null Boolean Numeric String Automatic semicolon Rules of automatic semicolon Examples of Automatic Semicolon Insertion188 The Undefined The Null The Boolean The String The Number The Object Property Internal Properties and The Reference GetBase(V) GetPropertyName(V) GetValue(V) PutValue(V, W)

3 The List The Completion Type259 Type ToNumber Applied to the String ToInt32: (signed 32 bit integer) ToUint32: (unsigned 32 bit integer) ToUint16: (unsigned 16 bit integer) ToString Applied to the Number ToObject3210 Execution Function Types of Executable Variable instantiation33- iii Scope Chain and Identifier Global Activation Arguments Entering An Execution Global Eval Function and Anonymous Implementation-supplied Code3511 Primary The this Identifier Literal The Grouping Left-Hand-Side Property The new Function Argument Postfix Postfix increment Postfix decrement Unary The delete The void The typeof Prefix increment

4 Prefix decrement Unary + Unary - The bitwise NOT operator ( ~ ) Logical NOT operator ( ! ) Multiplicative Applying the * Applying the / Applying the % Additive The addition operator ( + ) The subtraction operator ( - ) Applying the additive operators (+, -) to Bitwise shift The left shift operator ( << ) The signed right shift operator ( >> ) The unsigned right shift operator ( >>> ) Relational The less-than operator ( < ) The greater-than operator ( > ) The less-than-or-equal operator ( <= )45- iv The greater-than-or-equal operator ( >= )

5 The abstract relational comparison Equality The equals operator ( == ) The does-not-equals operator ( != ) The abstract equality comparison Binary bitwise Binary logical Conditional operator ( ?: ) Assignment Simple Assignment ( = ) Compound assignment ( op= ) Comma operator ( , )5012 Variable Empty Expression The IF Iteration The while The for The The CONTINUE The BREAK The RETURN The WITH statement5613 Function Definition5614 Program5715 Native ECMAS cript The global Value properties of the global Function properties of the global Constructor Properties of the Global Other Properties of the Global Object The Object Constructor Called as a The Object Properties of the Object Properties of the Object Prototype Properties of Object Function The

6 Function Constructor Called as a The Function Properties of the Function Properties of the Function Prototype Properties of Function Instances64- v Array The Array Constructor Called as a The Array Properties of the Array Properties of the Array Prototype Properties of Array String The String Constructor Called as a The String Properties of the String Properties of the String Prototype Properties of String Boolean The Boolean Constructor Called as a The Boolean Properties of the Boolean Properties of the Boolean Prototype Properties of Boolean Number The Number Constructor Called as a The Number Properties of the Number Properties of the Number Prototype Properties of Number The Math Value Properties of the Math Function Properties of the Math Date Overview of Date Objects and Definitions of Internal The Date Constructor Called As a The Date Properties of the Date Properties of the Date Prototype Properties of Date Instances9516 Errors95- vi Standard defines

7 The ECMAS cript scripting conforming implementation of ECMAS cript must provide and support all the types, values, objects, properties,functions, and program syntax described in this conforming implementation of ECMAS cript is permitted to provide additional types, values, objects, properties, andfunctions beyond those described in this specificaition. In particular, a conforming implementation of ECMAS cript ispermitted to provide properties not described in this specification, and values for those properties, for objects that aredescribed in this conforming implementation of ECMAS cript is permitted to support program syntax not described in thisspecification.

8 In particular, a conforming implementation of ECMAS cript is permitted to support program syntax thatmakes use of the future reserved words listed in section 0 of this : American National Standard for Information Systems - programming Language - C, AmericanNational Standards Institute (1989).ANSI/IEEE Std 1754-1985: IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers, New York (1985).Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and McCahill, M.

9 Uniform Resource Locators. RFC 1738, Network Working Group,December , David M. Correctly Rounded Binary-Decimal and Decimal -Binary Conversions. Numerical Analysis Manucript90-10. AT&T Bell Laboratories (Murray Hill, New Jersey). November 30, 1990. Available as Associated code available as and as may also be found at the various netlib mirror , James, Bill Joy and Guy Steele. The Java Language Specification. Addison Wesley Publishing , David, and Smith, Randall B.

10 Self: The Power of Simplicity. OOPSLA '87 Conference Proceedings, pp. 227 241, Orlando, FL, October, Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1996).4 OverviewEMCAS cript is an object-oriented programming language for performing computations and manipulatingcomputational objects within a host environment. ECMAS cript as defined here is not intended to be computationallyself-sufficient; indeed, there are no provisions in this specification for input of external data or output of computedresults.