Economical Carparks A Design Guide - Liberty

1 IEconomical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd EditionEconomical CarparksA Design Guide2nd EditionPublished by:OneSteel Market MillsNovember 2004iiEconomical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd iii1. Steel Column Headroom .. Ramps & Circulation .. Gradients (Excluding Ramps) .. Parking Single Module Schemes .. Multiple Module Schemes .. carpark Space UtilisationEfficiency .. 62. carpark SCHEMES AND Engineering 103. Design Example Example 30 APPENDICESA. STRUCTURAL Design CRITERIA .. Building Design Floors .. Columns .. Lateral Load Resisting Systems .. Stairs .. 35B. Slabs .. Profiled Steel Sheeting .. Structural Steelwork .. Monitoring .. 38C. FIRE RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS .. Open-deck or Sprinklered Carparks .. Not Open-deck and Not 40D. COSTING .. Methodology .. Costs .. Different Surface Treatment Systems.

2 Penetrations .. Column 43E. SURVEY OF EXISTING 45F. EXAMPLES OF RAMPCONFIGURATIONS .. 52iiiEconomical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd EditionFOREWORDIn 1998, BHP Integrated Steel published the FirstEdition of Economical Carparks A Design its release countless developers anddesigners have utilised the publication to assist inthe Design and construction of Carparks . Over thelast seven years there have been some significantchanges in Design , construction techniques and insupply of the materials required to construct Edition of the Design Guide is now publishedby OneSteel Market Mills who are the largestmanufacturer of the structural steel beamsreferenced in this Guide . The standard basematerial for the decking profiles have changed, ashas the number of different decking profilesavailable. The Australian Design Standards havealso changed making it necessary to amend someof the Design drawings.

3 Also two new schemesoffering column free parking spaces have beenincluded in this Edition taking the total number ofschemes to Edition includes the aforementioned changesas well as a new layout adopted to reflect thecomments made by the users of the First Market Mills wishes to thank the manypeople who have contributed to the production ofthe First Edition and this Second Edition, inparticular:Ian BennettsChong Chee GohJohn CottamSpiros DallasAnthony NgNick van der KreekImran SaeedKen WatsonGary YumivEconomical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd Edition[BLANK]1 Economical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd Edition1. INTRODUCTIONThis Design Guide has been prepared to assistengineers, architects, quantity surveyors, buildersand developers produce and cost preliminarydesigns for steel carpark schemes utilising re-entrant profiledsteel decking on structural steel are presented withextensive information given for each schemeincluding: slab details; beam and column sizes; number of shear connectors; connection details; corrosion protection details; and cost indicatorsThese schemes can be used to produce designsfor most carpark building layouts.

4 Over the last twoyears there have been a number of new profiledsteel decks launched into the Australian marketwhich has provided many new alternative the schemes presented in this Guideprovide an excellent starting point for the preliminarydesign, which may then be fine-tuned as requiredand in some cases, utilise the new profiled use of the above information is illustrated bymeans of some worked examples, demonstratingsome of the advantages associated with steelconstruction for carpark Appendices in this Design Guide give thedetailed structural Design criteria adopted for designsolutions, information on designing for durability,costing data, a survey of existing Carparks andexamples of ramp Steel CarparksSince 1985 well in excess of 100 Carparks havebeen constructed in Australia and New Zealandusing structural steelwork. Advantages associatedwith steel carpark construction include:Earlier Occupation: Repetition from bay to bay andfloor to floor leads to reduced time in the productionof shop drawings, fabrication of connections andthe erection of steelwork.

5 The time-savings offeredby a steel solution results in reduced financialholding costs and hence provides an earlier returnon Exposure to on-site risks: Off-sitefabrication reduces the on-site labour, whichreduces the cost of amenities and the amount ofon-site supervision. The reduction in the on-siteworkforce, delays due to weather and the on-sitecongestion reduces the exposure to on-site Space Utilisation: The sizes of steelcolumns are small compared with other forms ofcarpark construction and this results in a morefunctional carpark . The column free space offeredby the long spanning capability of structural steelreduces the number of columns required and insome of the schemes eliminates all Proof Investment: Columns are easilystrengthened and additional connections can be sitewelded to the existing steel structure providingflexibility for vertical or horizontal Foundation Costs: The reduced deadload associated with structural steel results insmaller CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd LayoutsThe Australian/New Zealand StandardAS/NZS :2004 provides guidance andminimum requirements for the Design and layout ofoff-street parking facilities including multi-storeycarparks.

6 It classifies car parking facilities accordingto the type of use as shown in Table 1. Parkingspace and aisle widths are also given for each nominal length of a parking space is following discussion covers some of the majorrequirements of the code which have a significantimpact on the Design of a multi-storey Column LocationThe location of the columns is one of the mostcritical decisions in achieving an Economical andfunctional using large clear spans offers thefollowing benefits: improved visibility; increased interior lighting efficiency; ease of cleaning and maintenance; better security; and greater number of cars per unit area of availablefloor ClassExamples of UsesSpace WidthAisle Width (m)(m)(Parking at 90o)1 Generally all day tenant, employee and commuterparking, universities1 AResidential, domestic and employee 3 point turn entry & exit2 Generally medium term long term city and town parking, sportsfacilities, entertainment centres, hotels,motels, airport visitors3 Generally short term city and town , shopping centres, hospitals andmedical centres3 AShort term, high turnover parking shopping for people with (+ Shared area)Table 1 - carpark Classifications and Dimensions3 Economical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd EditionWhere clear span construction is not practical, thecolumns should be carefully located so as to causeminimal interference with traffic circulation, parkingmanoeuvres and driver visibility.

7 Figure 1 gives thedesign envelope around a parked vehicle whichshows a shaded area where columns, walls andother obstructions should be HeadroomThe minimum height clearance for cars and lightvans is Car spaces for people with disabilitiesrequire a clearance of from the carparkentrance/exit to their designated space and the designated car a steel carpark , sprinklers, lights, etc. can beplaced within the depth of the steel beams. Thisnot only protects these items, but also means thatthese items do not control the floor-to-floor the critical height clearance dimensionis to the bottom of the steel Ramps & CirculationRamps play a major role in the efficient circulationof traffic through a carpark allowing traffic to flowfrom one level to the next. Ramps can be designedin various configurations to facilitate the requiredcirculation of traffic.

8 A typical example of a ramparrangement and circulation for a split systemcarpark is shown in Figure 2. Additional commonramp configurations for both one-way and two-waytraffic flow are presented in Appendix Australian/New Zealand StandardAS/NZS :2004, Clause provides detailson allowable gradients on ramps. For straight rampsin public Carparks , not part of a parking module,from one level to the next the maximum gradient is:Ramps longer than 20m -1 in 6 Ramps up to 20m -1 in 5 For further details refer to Clause ofAS/NZS 1 - Design Envelope,AS/NZS :2004 One-way ramps should be at least 3m wide betweenkerbs, while two-way ramps should be a minimumof between kerbs. For minimum width of rampson curve refer to Clause (b) of Gradients (Excluding Ramps)The maximum gradient within a parking module is:Measured parallel to the angle ofparking -1 in 20 Measured in any other direction -1 in 16 Parking spaces for people with disabilities themaximum gradient should not exceed -1 in 40 The minimum recommended gradients to allow thefloor to drain adequately are:Outdoor area floor -1 in 100 Covered area floor -1 in 200 Figure 2 - Example of a Ramp Arrangementand CirculationDimensions in MillimetresSpace width from Table 1300300300900550190010007505050200200300 3005400 Close end of space4 Economical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd Parking ModulesA parking module is defined in AS/NZS :2004as a parking aisle together with a single row ofparking spaces on one or both sides.

9 In thisdocument only parking on both sides of the aisle isconsidered. The parking module excludes anyramps or circulation roadways which take off withinthe variations could be developed for the differentclasses of carpark to cover all situations. In thisdocument, a user Class 3 module for parking at thepreferred angle of 90o to the aisle is standard module in this publication consistsof:Parking space space module length ( + )This configuration is considered to cover mostpractical cases, and allows the designs and costsgiven in Section 2 to be quickly and accuratelyadopted at an early stage of a project. It is notedthat the new Class 3A in the latest edition ofAS/NZS :2004 exceeds the dimensions ofthis adopted module, and the designs should beadjusted accordingly. As the Design progresses, thebeams and columns would of course be designedfor the actual layout of the project.

10 The costs persquare metre are generally not very sensitive tosmall changes in other major simplifying assumption is astandard allowance for a column width of this is usually adequate, a small number ofcolumns exceed this dimension at the bottom of aneight level carpark and this would need to beallowed for in the final Design . Alternatively, thecolumns could be redesigned to fit within the NUMBERM odule TypeScheme DescriptionBay Width2 car3 car4 car5 carSINGLEI nternal and edge columns,-S1AS1BS1 CFigure 3(a)Internal columns and cantilever edges-S2--Figure 3(b)Clear span with edge columns,S3AS3BS3C-Figure 3(c)MULTIPLEI nternal and edge columns,-S4AS4BS4 CFigure 5(a)Internal columns and cantilever edges-S5--Figure 5(b)Note: Refer to Section 2 for full details of each of the 2 - carpark Schemes5 Economical CarparksA Design Guide - 2nd EditionCarpark layouts can be divided into single andmultiple module Single Module SchemesThree different single module schemes have beendeveloped, viz: Scheme S1 - Internal columns with edge columns,see Figure 3(a); Scheme S2 - Internal columns with cantilevers,see Figure 3(b); and Scheme S3 - Clear span with edge columns,see Figure 3(c).