EDUC 2112 Foundations of Education

1 educ 2112 Foundations of Education1 Chapter 11: Educational Chapter 11: Educational Theory in American Schools: Theory in American Schools: Philosophy in ActionPhilosophy in ActionDr. StewartEDUC 2112 Foundations of EducationFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education2 Philosophy Provides the Foundation Philosophy Provides the Foundation for Educational Theoriesfor Educational TheoriesFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education3 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education4 Philosophy Philosophy ----TheoryTheoryzEducational theory is the application of philosophy to the of CurriculumzManner of InstructionzCharacter of school environmentzGrading and testing (assessment)

2 ZVaries from school to school and state to stateFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education5 Authoritarian / NonauthoritarianAuthoritarian / NonauthoritarianzIdealism / RealismzPragmatism / ExistentialismFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education6 Convergent / Divergent ThinkingConvergent / Divergent ThinkingzOne Possible AnswerzPossibility of Many AnswersEDUC 2112 Foundations of Education2 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education7 AuthoritarianAuthoritarianzPurpose of Education is to train pupil s minds so they can deal with intellectual concepts of of facts and informationzAny child can learn any subject at any level if the subject matter is properly presentedz Mastery Teaching Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education8 AuthoritarianAuthoritarianzAttention to test scoreszGrade level traditional teaching strategieszConvergent Thinking One answer to question, and the teacher has it!

3 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education9 AuthoritarianAuthoritarian----IdealismId ealismzLearning Focus subject matter of the mind: literature, history, philosophy, religionzCurriculum goal same Education for allzTeaching method lecture, discussionzCharacter development imitationzAesthetic development study of masterworks, values of past heritageFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education10 AuthoritarianAuthoritarian----RealismRea lismzLearning Focus subject matter of physical world: math, sciencezCurriculum goal Mastery of laws of the universezTeaching method mastery of information and skills.

4 Lecture, recitation, demonstrationzCharacter development rules of conductzAesthetic development study of design in natureFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education11 NonauthoritarianNonauthoritarianzMind is not just a muscle to be developed (John Dewey)zHuman beings are problem solvers who profit from experiencezImportance of the individual and personal awarenesszInterest aroused through student inquiryzDivergent thinking possibility of multiple answers to questionFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education12 NonauthoritarianNonauthoritarian----Prag matismPragmatismzLearning Focus social experiencezCurriculum goal creation of new social orderzTeaching method problem solving.

5 Project method and developmentzCharacter development group decision making in light of consequenceszAesthetic development participation in art project based on cross-culture and universal valuesEDUC 2112 Foundations of Education3 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education13 NonauthoritarianNonauthoritarian----Exis tentialismExistentialismzLearning Focus subject matter of personal choicezCurriculum goal personal freedom and developmentzTeaching method Individual exploration: discovery methodzCharacter development development of individual responsibilityzAesthetic development personal view of the world.

6 Self-initiated activitiesFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education14 Eight Educational TheoriesEight Educational TheorieszPerennialismzEssentialismzBehav iorismzPositivismzProgressivismzReconstr uctionismzHumanismzConstructivismFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education15 Relationship of Philosophies Relationship of Philosophies to Educational Theoriesto Educational TheorieszIdealism Perennialism & EssentialismzRealism Behaviorism & PositivismzPragmatism Progressivism & ReconstructionismzExistentialism Humanism & ConstructivismFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education16 PerennialismPerennialism----(Idealism)(I dealism)

7 ----Basic ViewBasic ViewzPrinciples of knowledge are enduring -- Everlasting zStress the time-honored ideas, the Great Works , and the ability to reasonzThe intellect must be nourished by contact with ideaszTruth resides in the nature of the things rather than n the sensory aspects of 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education17 PerennialismPerennialism----Focus of LearningFocus of LearningzDiscipline the mindzLearner assumed to be rational and spiritual personzReading, Writing, Recitation, Computation are considered importantzStress Higher-Order Thinking Skills Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education18 PerennialismPerennialism----CurriculumCu rriculumzEarly schooling best directed toward preparing children for maturity--3 RszSecondary school level directed more toward intellectually elite zVocational training for less giftedzStrong use of Great Books Program Hutchins and Adler Studying the works of the leading scholars of history is the best way to a general educationEDUC 2112 Foundations of

8 Education4 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education19 EssentialismEssentialism----(Idealism)(I dealism)----Basic ViewBasic ViewzFormulated by William C. Bagley--1938zCommon Core of information and skills neededzThree basic principles of Essentialism Core of information Hard work Teacher-centered instructionFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education20 EssentialismEssentialism----Basic ViewBasic Viewz Back to the Basics zNot so intent on transmitting underlying basic truthszAdvocate teaching that will help a person live a productive life todayzTherefore this core of information can and will changeFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education21

9 EssentialismEssentialism----Focus of LearningFocus of LearningzTransmit cultural heritagezDevelop good citizenszHow?--zemphasize core of fundamental knowledge and skillszdevelop sound habits of mental disciplinezdemand respect for authority in a structured learning situationFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education22 EssentialismEssentialism----Focus of LearningFocus of LearningzSchool is a place where children come to learn what they need to know, and the teacher is the person who can best instruct students in essential matterszRole of teacher is imparter of knowledge zRole of student is learner Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education23 EssentialismEssentialism----CurriculumCu rriculumzSubject matter of symbol and content (Idealism)

10 Laws of nature and universal truths of the physical worldzLiterature, history, foreign language, religionzLecture, required reading, memorization, recitation, examinationsFall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education24 EssentialismEssentialism----CurriculumCu rriculumzTruth is defined as observable fact, therefore field trips, laboratories, A/V materials and nature studieszSubject matter is the core of educationzSchool is the curator of knowledgeEDUC 2112 Foundations of Education5 Fall 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of Education25 Essential Schools MovementEssential Schools MovementzTheodore SizerzStrip away the nonessentialszFocus on students using their minds well zDoes not specify what specific content is essentialzEssential schools required to analyze what curriculum should be and change the curriculum to emphasize this 2006 educ 2112 Foundations of