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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY - Purdue University

ELECTROMAGNETICWAVETHEORYELECTROMAGNETIC WAVETHEORYJINAUKONGEMW PublishingCambridge, Massachusetts, USAC opyrightc 2008 by Jin Au KongPublished by EMW rights book is printed on acid-free paperISBN 0-9668143-9-8 Manufactured in the United States of America09876543 PREFACEThis book presents a unified macroscopic THEORY of electromagneticwaves inaccordance with the principle of special relativity from thepoint of view of the form invariance of the Maxwell equations and theconstitutive relations. Great emphasis is placed on the fundamentalimportance of thekvector in electromagneticwavetheory. We intro-duce a fundamental unit Ko=2 meter 1for the spatial frequency,which is cycle per meter in spatial variation.

tion and antenna theory in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 then elaborates on the various theorems and limiting cases of Maxwell’s theory important to the study of electromagnetic wave behavior. Scattering by spheres, cylinders, rough surfaces, and volume inhomogeneities are treated in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8, we present Maxwell’s theory from the point

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Transcription of ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY - Purdue University

1 ELECTROMAGNETICWAVETHEORYELECTROMAGNETIC WAVETHEORYJINAUKONGEMW PublishingCambridge, Massachusetts, USAC opyrightc 2008 by Jin Au KongPublished by EMW rights book is printed on acid-free paperISBN 0-9668143-9-8 Manufactured in the United States of America09876543 PREFACEThis book presents a unified macroscopic THEORY of electromagneticwaves inaccordance with the principle of special relativity from thepoint of view of the form invariance of the Maxwell equations and theconstitutive relations. Great emphasis is placed on the fundamentalimportance of thekvector in electromagneticwavetheory. We intro-duce a fundamental unit Ko=2 meter 1for the spatial frequency,which is cycle per meter in spatial variation.

2 This is similar to thefundamental unit for temporal frequency Hz, which is cycle per sec-ond in time variation. The unit Kois directly proportional to the unitHz; one Koin spatial frequency corresponds to 300 MHz in is a textbook on electromagneticwavetheory, and topicsessential to the understanding of electromagneticwaves areselectedand presented. Chapter 1 presents fundamental laws and equationsfor ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY . Chapter 2 is devoted to the treatment oftransmission line THEORY . Electromagneticwaves inmedia are stud-ied in Chapter 3 with thekDBsystem developed to studywavesin anisotropic and bianisotropic media. Chapter 4 presents a detailedtreatment of reflection, transmission, guidance, and resonance of elec-tromagneticwaves.

3 Starting with Cerenkov radiation, we study radia-tion and antenna THEORY in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 then elaborates onthe various theorems and limiting cases of Maxwell s THEORY importantto the study of electromagneticwave behavior. Scattering by spheres,cylinders, rough surfaces, and volume inhomogeneities are treated inChapter 7. In Chapter 8, we present Maxwell s THEORY from the pointof view of Lorentz covariance in accordance with the principle of spe-cial relativity. The problem section at the end of each section providesuseful exercise and various topics in the book can be taught independently, andthe material is organized in the order of increasing complexity in math-ematical techniques and conceptual abstraction and book has been used in several undergraduate and graduate coursesthat I have been teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

4 V viPrefaceThe first version of the book was published in 1975 by WileyInterscience, New York, entitledTheoryofElectromagneticWaves,whi ch was based on my 1968 thesis, where the concept of bian-isotropic media was introduced. The book was expanded and publishedin 1986 with the present title and its second edition appeared in 1998, it has been published by EMW Publishing Company, Mas-sachusetts. The development of the various concepts in the book reliesheavily on published work. I have not attempted the task of referringto all relevant publications. The list of books and journal articles in theReference Section at the end of the book is at best representative andby no means exhaustive.

5 Some of the results contained in the book aretaken from many of my research projects, which have been supportedby grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation, theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Office of NavalResearch, the Army Research Office, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ofthe California Institute of Technology, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory,the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center, the Digital Equipment Cor-poration, the IBM Corporation, and the funding support associatedwith the award of the S. T. Li prize for the year the writing and preparation of the book, many peoplehelped. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Chi On Ao for for-mulating the TEX macros, and Zhen Wu for editing the text and con-structing the index.

6 Over the years, many of my teaching and researchassistants provided useful suggestions and proofreading, notably Le-ung Tsang, Michael Zuniga, Weng Chew, Tarek Habashy, Robert Shin,Shun-Lien Chuang, Jay Kyoon Lee, Apo Sezginer, Soon Yun Poh, EricYang, Michael Tsuk, Hsiu Chi Han, Yan Zhang, Henning Braunisch,Bae-Ian Wu, Xudong Chen, and Baile Zhang. I would like to expressmy gratitude to them and to the students whose enthusiastic responseand feedback continuously give me joy and satisfaction in A. KongCambridge,MassachusettsDecember2007 CONTENTSC hapter 1. s Theory3A. Maxwell s Equations3B. Vector Waves24A. Wave Equation and Wave Solution24B. Unit for Spatial Frequencyk27C.

7 , Power, and Energy45A. Lorentz Force Law45B. Lenz Law and Electromotive Force (EMF) 53C. Poynting s Theorem and Poynting Vector Waves65A. Hertzian Dipole65B. Electric and Magnetic Fields68C. Electric Field Relations81A. Isotropic Media82B. Anisotropic Media83C. Bianisotropic Media84D. Biisotropic Media85E. Constitutive Conditions90A. Continuity of Electric and Magnetic FieldComponents90B. Surface Charge and Current Densities92C. Boundary and Guidance98A. Wave Vectork98 vii viiiContentsB. Reflection and Transmission of TE waves 99C. Reflection and Transmission of TM waves 105D. Brewster Angle and Zero Reflection107E. Guidance by Conducting Parallel Plates 111 Answers120 Chapter 2.

8 TRANSMISSION Line Theory139A. Transmission Line Equations139B. Circuit Transmission Line Theory153A. Wave Equations and Wave Solutions153B. Transients on Transmission Lines156C. Normal Modes and Natural Frequencies 168D. Initial Value Steady State TransmissionLines180A. Sinusoidal Steady State180B. Complex Impedance181C. Time AveragePower186D. Generalized Reflection Coefficient187E. Normalized Complex Impedance(Smith Chart)190F. Transmission Line Element Transmission Lines201A. Lumped Element Line202B. Dispersion Relations for Lumped ElementLines205C. Periodically Loaded Transmission Lines Line Modeling215A. Modeling Reflection and Transmission215ixB. Modeling antenna Radiation220C.

9 Array Antennas225D. Array Pattern Multiplication229E. Equivalence Principle235 Answers249 Chapter 3. Fields263A. Continuous Monochromatic Waves263B. Polarization of Monochromatic Waves265C. Time-Average PoyntingPower Vector266D. waves in Conducting Media268E. waves in Plasma Media271F. Dispersive Media278G. Field Energy in Dispersive Media292A. Anisotropic Media292B. Biisotropic Media295C. Bianisotropic Media296D. Symmetry Conditions for Lossless Media 297E. Reciprocity Conditions299F. Causality for waves in Media306A. Wave Vectork306B. ThekDBSystem309C. Maxwell Equations inkDBSystem313D. waves in Isotropic Media314E. waves in Uniaxial Media315F. waves in Gyrotropic Media323G.

10 waves in Bianisotropic Media330H. waves in Nonlinear Media339xContentsAnswers353 Chapter 4. REFLECTION AND GUIDANCE and Transmission367A. Reflection and Transmission of TM waves 368B. Reflection and Transmission of TE waves 371C. Phase Matching373D. Total Reflection and Critical Anglel375E. Backward waves and Negative Refraction 377F. Double Refraction in Uniaxial Media378G. Total Transmission and Brewster Angle 380H. Zenneck Wave382I. Plasma Surface Wave383J. Reflection and Transmission by a LayeredMedium384K. Reflection Coefficients for Stratified Media 387L. Propagation Matrices and Guidance402A. Guidance by Conducting Parallel Plates 402B. Excitation of Modes in Parallel-PlateWaveguides408C.


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