Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems

1 Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook A Comprehensive Handbook for Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineers Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, California DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release. 2013 NAWCWD TP 8347 Fourth Edition NAWCWD TP 8347 Fourth Edition Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook byAvionics Department OCTOBER 2013 NAVAL AIR Warfare CENTER WEAPONS DIVISION POINT MUGU, CA 93042 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A:Approved for public Air Warfare Center Weapons Division FOREWORD This handbook is designed to aid Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems engineers in making general estimations regarding capabilities of Systems . This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director of Electronic Warfare /Combat Systems Department.

2 This fourth edition updates technical information in Sections 3-7 and 3-8 from previous editions. This document was reviewed for technical accuracy by Dr. Andrew Chen. Approved by Under authority of DR. R. E. SMILEY, NAVAIR Director M. MORAN EW/Combat Systems Department RDML, Navy 30 September 2013 Commander Released for publication by S. O NEIL Director for Research and Engineering NAWCWD Technical Publication 8347 Published by .. Technical Communication Office Collation .. Cover, 226 leaves, + Tabs Previously published as NAWCWPNS TS 92-78 (1st through 3rd Edition).

3 4,040 paper First Edition .. 105 paper Second Edition .. 500 paper Third Edition .. 1,000 paper Fourth Edition .. 100 paper, 500 Electronic REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to the Department of Defense, Executive Service Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

4 PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 01-10-2013 2. REPORT TYPE Technical publication 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 1 January 2012 30 September 2013 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook (U) 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER N/A 5b. GRANT NUMBER N/A 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER N/A 6. AUTHOR(S) Avionics Department 5d. PROJECT NUMBER N/A 5e. TASK NUMBER N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER N/A 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division 575 I Avenue, Suite 1 (Code 450000E) Point Mugu, California 93042 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER NAWCWD TP 8347 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) N/A 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) N/A 11.

5 SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) N/A 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES None. 14. ABSTRACT (U) This handbook is designed to aid Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems engineers in making general estimations regarding capabilities of Systems . This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director of Electronic Warfare / Combat Systems Department. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Aircraft Dynamics, Antenna, Data Transfer Busses, Electro-Optics and Infrared, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, Maneuverability, Microwave Components, Polarization, Radar Equations, Radiation Patterns, Receiver Characteristics, Receiver Sensitivity, Receiver Tests, radio frequency Components, RS-232 Interface, RS-422 Balanced Voltage Interface, RS-485 Interface, Transmission Control Protocol 16.

6 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 450 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON TimothyStolsiga. REPORT UNCLASSIFIED b. ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED c. THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) (805) 989-3452 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) Standard Form 298 Back SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED i CONTENTS Section ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .. 1-1 FUNDAMENTALS Constants, Conversions, and Characters .. 2-1 Mathematical Notation .. 2-2 frequency Spectrum.

7 2-3 Decibel (dB) .. 2-4 Duty Cycle .. 2-5 Doppler Shift .. 2-6 Electronic Formulas .. 2-7 Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations .. 2-8 Radar Horizon / Line of Sight .. 2-9 Propagation Time / Resolution .. 2-10 Modulation .. 2-11 Transforms / Wavelets .. 2-12 ANTENNAS Antenna Introduction / Basics .. 3-1 Polarization .. 3-2 Radiation Patterns .. 3-3 frequency / Phase Effects of 3-4 Antenna Near Field .. 3-5 Radiation Hazards .. 3-6 Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA) .. 3-7 Fractal Antennas .. 3-8 Radar EQUATIONS Field Intensity and Power Density .. 4-1 Power Density .. 4-2 One-Way Radar Equation / RF Propagation .. 4-3 Two-Way Radar Equation (Monostatic) .. 4-4 Alternate Two-Way Radar Equation .. 4-5 Two-Way Radar Equation (Bistatic) .. 4-6 Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Power [Saturated] Jamming.

8 4-7 Burn-Through / Crossover Range .. 4-8 Support Jamming .. 4-9 Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Gain (Linear) Jamming .. 4-10 Radar Cross Section (RCS) .. 4-11 Emission Control (EMCON) .. 4-12 EW Jamming Techniques .. 4-13 Radar AND RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS & TEST RF Atmospheric Absorption / Ducting .. 5-1 Receiver Sensitivity / Noise .. 5-2 Receiver Types and Characteristics .. 5-3 Radar Modes .. 5-4 General Radar Display Types .. 5-5 IFF - Identification - Friend or Foe .. 5-6 Receiver Tests .. 5-7 Signal Sorting and Direction Finding .. 5-8 ii MICROWAVE / RF COMPONENTS Microwave Waveguides and Coaxial Cable .. 6-1 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Reflection Coefficient Return Loss / Mismatch Loss .. 6-2 Microwave Coaxial Connectors.

9 6-3 Power Dividers and Directional Couplers .. 6-4 Attenuators / Filters / DC Blocks .. 6-5 Terminations / Dummy Loads .. 6-6 Circulators and Diplexers .. 6-7 Mixers and frequency Discriminators .. 6-8 Detectors .. 6-9 RF / Microwave Amplifiers .. 6-10 Signal Generation .. 6-11 Digital Processing Components .. 6-12 Microwave Measurements .. 6-13 ELECTRO-OPTICS AND IR .. 7-1 Introduction .. Optical Spectrum .. Radiometric Quantities and Terminology .. Photometric Quantities .. Basic Principles .. Basic Radiant Power Relationships .. Infrared Source Characteristics .. Atmospheric Transmission .. EO Components and Sensors .. IR Threats to Aircraft and Their Countermeasures .. IRCM .. Lasers .. Fiber Optics .. Laser Safety .. 7-2 AIRCRAFT DYNAMICS CONSIDERATIONS Free Fall / Aircraft Drag.

10 8-1 Mach Number and Airspeed vs Altitude .. 8-2 Maneuverability .. 8-3 EMP / Aircraft Dimensions .. 8-4 DATA TRANSFER BUSSES Data Busses .. 9-1 RS-232 Interface .. 9-2 RS-422 Balanced Voltage Interface .. 9-3 RS-485 Interface .. 9-4 IEEE-488 Interface Bus (HP-IB/GP-IB) .. 9-5 MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Data Bus .. 9-6 Ethernet .. 9-7 Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol .. 9-8 GLOSSARY .. 10-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS a Acceleration or atto (10-18 multiplier) A Ampere, Area, Altitude, Angstrom ( ), Antenna Aperture, or Aerial A-799 No evidence of failure report A/A, A-A, AA Air-to-Air or Anti-Aircraft AA-() Air-to-Air missile number () AAA Anti-Aircraft Artillery AAAA Army Aviation Association of America AAED Advanced Airborne Expendable Decoy AAM Air-to-Air Missile AARGM Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile AAW Anti-Air Warfare A-BIT Automatic Built-in-Test ABM Air Breathing Missile or Anti-ballistic Missile A/C Aircraft (also acft.)