Energy Consumption andDesalination - University of Houston

1 NASDAQ: ERIIE nergy Consumption andDesalinationMay 07, 2020 Juan Miguel Pinto, Energy Recovery & ProprietaryAGENDA1. Introduction2. Desalination3. SWRO Seawater Reverse Osmosis4. Energy consumption5. Renewable energy6. Conclusion2 IntroductionConfidential & ProprietaryINTRODUCTION4 Source: & ProprietaryINTRODUCTION5 The Impact of Water Scarcity on GDPT oday s PathA Better PathSource: and dry climate change water and the economyDesalinationConfidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION7 Confidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION81970198220022005 Multistage FlashMembrane TechnologyMembrane Technology ImprovementsRenewable EnergiesSource: Multistage picture Environmental XPRT. Membrane technology James Grellier / Wikimedia Commons Confidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION9 Seawater Reverse Osmosis Cost TrendSource: Watereuse association Seawater desalination Costs 2020 Estimated cost breakdown. Jubail SWRO USD/m3and Yanbu 4 USD/m3 Confidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION10 Membrane Feed Pressure for Feedwater and Membrane Technology8070605040102030 BarROSea WaterROBrackishwaterROLow pressureNFNano filtrationUFUltra filtrationMFMicro filtrationConfidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION11 Annual Contracted Capacity by Feedwater Type, 2000 2019 Seawater is feedwater with higher contracted capacityDotted line indicates values through June 2019; Source: GWIC onfidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION12 Annual Contracted Capacity by Region, 2000 2019 Dotted line indicates values through June 2019; Source: GWIP ersian Gulf has the largest demand of SWRO desalinationConfidential & ProprietaryDESALINATION13 Additional Contracted desalination Capacity by Technology, 2000 2019 Dotted line indicates values through June 2019.

2 Source: GWIR everse Osmosis as preferred technology for SWRO desalination SWRO Seawater Reverse OsmosisConfidential & ProprietarySWRO desalination PROCESS OVERVIEW15 Confidential & ProprietarySWRO desalination PROCESS OVERVIEW16 Source: ConsumptionConfidential & ProprietaryENERGY Consumption FOR SWRO 1805101520251970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Specificenergyconsumption(kWh/m3) Energy consumptionovertimeMultistageFlash EvaporationMultistageFlash EvaporationReverse OsmosisFrancisTurbinePeltonTurbineIsobar icEnergy Consumption Over TimeConfidential & ProprietaryRO Process 2 kWh/m3 Intake kWh/m3 Pre Filtration kWh/m3 Permeate kWh/m3 Energy Consumption in SWROoRO Process is the most Energy intensive process within the SWRO treatment plantoERD can reduce Energy Consumption of RO process up to 60%; therefore, it is a critical component to achieving 2 kWh/m3oERD CAPEX only represents 1% of overall plant CAPEXENERGY Consumption FOR SWRO 19 Energy Consumption per ProcessPermeate kWh/m3RO process2 KWh/m3 Permeate treatment kWh/m3 Pre kWh/m3 Source: & ProprietaryA full size main high pressure pump is use to supply the membranes with 100% of the feed flow + pressure in order to over come the osmotic pressure of the membranes.

3 Potential Energy is wasted across the discharge Consumption FOR SWRO 20 How it WorksHP Pump Provides Full Feed Flow and Pressure to SWRO MembranesProblem Statements: oEnergy Consumption and costs made SWRO uneconomical historicallyoApprox. 60% of Energy wasted during SWRO prior to implementation of ERDsSEC: 8 kwh/m3 Confidential & ProprietaryThe Pelton Wheel converts hydraulic Energy into mechanical Energy to offload the work done by the high pressure pump s motor. The Pelton Wheel s shaft is directly connected to a dual shafted motor and must rotate at the pump s design speed. The high pressure pump must be sized for the full flow and head required by the Consumption FOR SWRO 21 How it WorksPelton WheelSEC: 4 kwh/m3 Confidential & ProprietaryTurbochargers convert hydraulic Energy in the brine stream into mechanical Energy reducing the amount of head required by the main high pressure pump. The turbine drives the pump section boosting the discharge of the high pressure pump to membrane feed pressure.

4 The Turbocharger decouples the ERD from the pump and motor, allowing it to run at higher speeds and higher efficiency than the Pelton Consumption FOR SWRO 22 How it WorksTurbochargerSEC: kwh/m3 Confidential & ProprietaryThe PX Pressure Exchanger converts hydraulic Energy in the concentrated brine stream into hydraulic Energy that supplements the flow from the main high pressure feed pump which feeds the membranes. This is done via direct contact between the concentrated brine and filtered seawater feed Consumption FOR SWRO 23 How it WorksPXSEC: kwh/m3 Confidential & Proprietary020406080100 Percent EfficiencyERD EfficienciesENERGY Consumption FOR SWRO 24 Isobaric Energy recovery systems have high efficiency regardless of system sizeIsobaricTurbochargerPelton TurbineIncreasing FlowConfidential & ProprietaryENERGY Consumption FOR SWRO oCarlsbad SWRO Location: California Capacity: 189,250 m3/day (50 MGD) Energy recovery device: Isobaric PX devices 116 million kWh (kilowatt hours) Equivalent to 82,107 metrics tons per year of CO2 Equivalent to 12 million dollar in electricity cost25 gas equivalencies calculatorPhoto courtesy of Poseidon WaterRenewable EnergyConfidential & ProprietaryRENEWABLE Energy POWERED DESALINATIONoThe Energy Consumption of seawater desalination is higher than traditional water supply solutions (groundwater, rain catchment, rivers, lakes, etc.)

5 OThis is a sustainable and cost effective solution thanks to decreasing cost of renewable Energy systemsoBaseline scenario assumes compounded growth rate of water desalination of 10% per yearoTarget scenario assumes gradual introduction of fully renewable powered desalination until 2040 27 Estimated CO2 Emissions of Global Water desalination PlantsSource: Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryoSuitable option for remote locations and small islands where the reliable and safe provision of drinking water is a constraint and expensiveoElectric grid and water networks are often inadequateoSmall scale renewable Energy powered desalination can be the optimal solution to address the water constraintsSMALL SCALE RENEWABLE Energy POWERED DESALINATION28 Source: Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryTECHNOLOGY BRIEF: SMALL SCALE SOLAR SEAWATER desalination DIRECT COUPLING (OFF GRID), NO STORAGEoThis configuration is ideally suited for very remote locations with limited access to a reliable electricity grid and service personneloThe configuration avoids using batteries and uses water storage instead to allow a water supply during day and night29 Daily Water ProductionSource: Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryoGood option for locations with inadequate grid supply but access to service personnel for batteries or back up generatorsoDistributed solution obviating the need for costly water transmission and distribution systemsTECHNOLOGY BRIEF: SMALL SCALE SOLAR SEAWATER desalination DIRECT COUPLING (OFF GRID) WITH STORAGE OR BACKUP GENERATION30 Energy supply systemoPhotovoltaic modules/Wind turbineoBatteries storageoBack up dieselSource.

6 Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryoGood option for locations with access to a reliableelectric grid oThe renewable Energy supply system can be sized to completely offset the CO2emissions of the desalination plantoReduced maintenance requirements due to absence of storage and backup generators TECHNOLOGY BRIEF: SMALL SCALE SOLAR SEAWATER desalination GRIDCONNECTED31 Source: Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryoThe desalination Plant and the Renewable power Plant are connected to the grid and don t need to be co locatedoThe Renewable power Plant is sized to completely offset the CO2emissions of the desalination Plant (over the lifetime of the plant)TECHNOLOGY BRIEF: UTILITY SCALE RENEWABLE desalination GRID CONNECTED WITH VIRTUAL NET METERING32 desalination PlantElectricity GridRenewable power PlantoOperates 24h per dayoConnected to the grid, using existing infrastructure to supply electricity 24h per dayoOperates only during certain hours of the day producing electricity from sunlight or windoConnected to the grid, using existing infrastructureSource: Global Clean Water desalination AllianceConfidential & ProprietaryItemDescriptionOwner/promoter Elemental Water MakersLocation of SWRO PlantLa Union, Luzon, PhilippinesYear of construction2018 Capacity of SWRO Plant11 m3/dType of RE PlantPV plantCapacity of RE Plant4 kWpREFERENCES: SMALL SCALE SOLAR desalination (OFF GRID) PHILIPPINES33 General Information11 m3/d PV powered RO system from Elemental Water Makers, PhilippinesSource.

7 Philippines/Confidential & ProprietaryItemDescriptionOwner/promoter Dafeng PlantLocation of SWRO PlantJiangsu province, ChinaYear of construction2014 Capacity of SWRO Plant5,000 m3/dType of RE PlantWind powerCapacity of RE MW turbineREFERENCES: MEDIUM SCALE WIND AND SOLAR POWERED desalination CHINA34An independent grid was designed to support the desalination of 10,000 m3/day of sea water a day. The current production line has a capacity of 5,000 m3 system Source: & ProprietaryItemDescriptionOwner/promoter Water CorporationLocation of SWRO PlantKwinana, PerthWestern AustraliaYear of construction2006 Capacity of SWRO Plant144,000 m3/dTDS (design)35,000 37,000 mg/lSpecific Energy Consumption4 6 kWh/m3 power requirement of SWRO Plant24 MWD&C Joint VentureSuez Degr mont/Multiplex/WorleyParsons/Water CorporationREFERENCES: UTILITY SCALE RENEWABLE POWERED desalination PERTH, AUSTRALIA35It is the first large scale seawater RO plant in the world powered by renewable Energy using green electricity procured from an Australian wind : Global Clean Water desalination AllianceoThe green electricity consumed by the desalination plant is provided by the 80 MW Emu Downs Wind Farm.

8 OThe wind farm comprises 48 wind turbines and is located in a distance of 200 km from the desalination SWRO Plant Perth Emu Downs Wind FarmGeneral InformationConclusionConfidential & ProprietaryoSeawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) is a feasible option to increase water availability for isolate locations, cities, industrial applications or othersoReverse Osmosis is the preferred technology for desalinationoIf the SWRO plant uses the correct technology, the SWRO design will reduce Energy Consumption and operational costCONCLUSIONoEnergy renewable + SWRO are a good match to reduce water cost, and environmental impact Wind power Wave power DOE Announces Prize Competition for Wave Energy Water desalination Solar power Other options37 Confidential & oven TV plasma Space heater Water heater 3 tons AChours of operation equivalent to 6 kWhSWRO Energy Consumption to produce water for a family of four for one day is equivalent to:o1 m3of desalinated water requires kwho1 family of 4 persons 100 gallons per person per day [1] 400 gallons ( m3) per family Equivalent to kwh to produce desalinated water + kwh for distributiono6 kwh is the same Energy Consumption for the following appliances [2]: Equivalent to 3 tons of air conditioning capacity running for hour (covers 1,200 1,500 sf) [3]CONCLUSION38 Hours of Operation Equivalent to 6 kWh[1]source: USCG, [2] Source: , [3] Source: & ProprietaryCONTACT US39 Juan Miguel Pinto+ |Office+ | Recovery, Doolittle DriveSan Leandro, CA 94577, You