ENERGY LABELS & STANDARDS - iiSBE

1 LabelB prepaFT 8/08/00 12:58 Page 1. I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y. ENERGY LABELS . & STANDARDS . ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY PROFILES. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 2. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR. ENERGY AGENCY ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION. 9, rue de la F d ration, AND DEVELOPMENT. 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France The International ENERGY Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed autonomous body which was established in in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which November 1974 within the framework of the came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Organisation for Economic Co-operation and and Development (OECD) to implement an Development (OECD) shall promote policies international ENERGY programme.

2 Designed: It carries out a comprehensive programme of To achieve the highest sustainable ENERGY co-operation among twenty-four* of economic growth and employment and a the OECD's twenty-nine Member countries. rising standard of living in Member countries, The basic aims of the IEA are: while maintaining financial stability, and thus To maintain and improve systems for coping to contribute to the development of the world with oil supply disruptions; economy;. To promote rational ENERGY policies in a To contribute to sound economic expansion global context through co-operative relations in Member as well as non-member countries with non-member countries, industry and in the process of economic development; and international organisations; To contribute to the expansion of world trade To operate a permanent information system on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in on the international oil market; accordance with international obligations.

3 To improve the world's ENERGY supply and The original Member countries of the OECD. demand structure by developing alternative are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, ENERGY sources and increasing the efficiency France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, of ENERGY use; Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, To assist in the integration of environmental the United Kingdom and the United States. and ENERGY policies. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th * IEA Member countries: Australia, Austria, June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the Republic of Korea (12th December 1996).

4 Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, The Commission of the European Communities the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13. also takes part in the work of the IEA. of the OECD Convention). OECD/IEA, 2000. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD. 2, rue Andr -Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 3. PREFACE. Improving ENERGY efficiency at the end-use level is increasingly important as Climate Change commitments force policy makers to look for areas where greenhouse gas emissions reduction can be achieved rapidly.

5 Indeed, although much improvement has been made over the past 25 years, significant potential for improving ENERGY efficiency still exists. Labelling and minimum efficiency STANDARDS for appliances and equipment have proven to be one of the most promising policy instruments. Used for many years in some IEA Member countries, they delivered tangible results. They are among the cheapest and least intrusive of policies. Policy makers cannot afford to neglect them. This book examines current and past experiences of countries using LABELS and STANDARDS to improve ENERGY end-use efficiency. It identifies successful policy approaches, focussing on what works best.

6 It also provides insight into the opportunities ahead, including the widespread use of computer chips in appliances, cars and equipment. This book should be of great help not only to administrations planning to introduce labelling schemes but also to those in the process of strengthening their current programmes. Policy makers in developing countries will also find here all necessary justification for implementing labelling and STANDARDS in their economy. Robert Priddle Executive Director 3. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This first study in the series ENERGY Efficiency Policy Profiles is the fruit of several years of monitoring of existing programmes and gathering information, notably through expert project formed part of the programme of the ENERGY Efficiency Policy Analysis Division within the IEA's Office of ENERGY Efficiency,Technology and R&D.

7 John Newman, the study's author, led the project, under the guidance of Jean-Pierre Des Rosiers, and with the help of Benoit Lebot, who both contributed much valuable expertise. Hans Joergen Koch Director, ENERGY Efficiency,Technology and R&D. 4. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1 INTRODUCTION 9. Terminology .. 10. Current LABELS and STANDARDS in IEA Countries .. 12. 2 POLICY PRIMER: STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE. TO PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT. AND IMPLEMENTATION 29. Introduction .. 29. Step 1 Preliminary Assessment and Priority Setting . 30. Step 2 Authorisation and Programme Design Procedures .. 33. Step 3 Product Priority Refinement .. 38. Step 4 Design Technical Parameters and Compliance Deadlines.

8 40. Step 5 Design Testing Procedures .. 42. Step 6 Design Administrative Rules and Conformity Assessment .. 43. Step 7 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting .. 46. 3 LESSONS LEARNED AND. EXAMPLES OF GOOD PRACTICES 49. Introduction .. 49. Coherent Packages of Multiple Policy Instruments .. 49. Open,Transparent and Systematic Programme Development Procedures .. 55. Programme Elements that Reflect Product and Market Realities .. 64. Solid Programme Credibility .. 76. 5. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 6. Table of contents 4 ASSESSMENTS OF ACTUAL AND. EXPECTED RESULTS OF LABELS AND. STANDARDS IN IEA COUNTRIES 99. Australia .. 99. Canada .. 100. European Union .. 104.

9 Switzerland .. 106. United States .. 107. 5 ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE 117. Testing Protocols and Microcontrollers .. 117. International Co-operation .. 120. 6 CONCLUSIONS AND. RECOMMENDATIONS 129. Conclusions .. 129. Recommendations .. 130. A APPENDIX. OVERVIEW OF CURRENT LABELS AND. STANDARDS PROGRAMMES IN IEA. COUNTRIES 139. Australia .. 139. Canada .. 144. Czech Republic and Hungary .. 149. European Union .. 149. Japan .. 156. New Zealand .. 161. Norway .. 162. Switzerland .. 162. Turkey .. 165. United States .. 165. North American Co-ordination NAFTA .. 176. Pacific Rim Co-ordination APEC .. 177. 6. a-d but 21/09/00 11:31 Page 7. Table of contents B APPENDIX.

10 PRINCIPLES FOR. THE CONDUCT OF ENGINEERING AND. MARKET ANALYSES IN THE. STANDARDS PROGRAMME 179. Principles for the Conduct of Engineering Analysis .. 179. Principles for the Analysis of Impacts on Manufacturers 180. Principles for the Analysis of Impacts on Consumers .. 184. C REFERENCES AND. BIBLIOGRAPHY 187. Cited References .. 187. General Bibliography .. 194. 7. chap1 21/09/00 10:38 Page 9. 1. INTRODUCTION. Home appliances and office equipment consume at least 1 100 TWh/year of electricity in IEA Member Countries, accounting for over a quarter of the region's final electricity use. This is the second fastest growing sector of ENERGY use after private transport.