Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Spain 2015 Review

1 Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at OECD/IEA, 2015. Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review OECD/IEA, 2015. INTERNATIONAL Energy AGENCY. The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote Energy security amongst its member Countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean Energy for its 29 member Countries and beyond.

2 The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of Energy co-operation among its member Countries , each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member Countries ' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of Energy ; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable Energy Policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of Energy data.

3 N Support global collaboration on Energy technology to secure future Energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved Energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global Energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member Countries , industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member Countries : Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Secure Sustainable Together Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic OECD/IEA, 2015 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la F d ration Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey OECD/IEA, 2015.

4 United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are also participates in available online at the work of the IEA. Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ..9. Executive summary ..9. Key recommendations ..12. PART I POLICY ANALYSIS ..13. 2. GENERAL Energy Country overview ..15. Supply and demand ..16. Institutions ..19. Key Assessment ..23. Recommendations ..25. References ..25. 3. CLIMATE CHANGE ..27. Greenhouse gas emissions ..27. Energy -related CO2 emissions ..27. Institutions ..30. Policies and measures.

5 30. Assessment ..33. Recommendations ..34. References ..34. 4. Energy EFFICIENCY ..35. Final Energy use ..35. Institutions ..38. Policies and measures ..38. Assessment ..46. Recommendations ..48. References ..49. OECD/IEA, 2015. 3. Table of contents PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS ..50. 5. OIL ..53. Supply and demand ..53. Infrastructure ..55. Retail market structure ..58. Emergency response policy ..58. Prices and taxes ..60. Assessment ..62. Recommendations ..63. References ..63. 6. COAL ..65. Supply and demand ..65. Industry structure ..66. Policies and measures ..67. Assessment ..72. Recommendations ..73. References ..73. 7. NATURAL GAS ..75. Supply and demand ..75. Regulatory framework.

6 77. Infrastructure ..80. Market structure ..84. Emergency response policy ..86. Prices and taxes ..87. Assessment ..89. Recommendations ..90. References ..91. 8. ELECTRICITY ..93. Supply and demand ..93. Institutions and regulatory framework ..97. Wholesale market structure and design ..102. Transmission and Cross-border interconnections ..108. Retail market and prices ..114. Electricity security ..118. Assessment ..119. Recommendations ..122. References ..123. OECD/IEA, 2015. 4. Table of contents 9. RENEWABLE Energy ..125. Supply and demand ..125. Institutions ..127. Policies and measures ..128. Assessment ..132. Recommendations ..134. References ..134. 10. NUCLEAR Overview.

7 135. Nuclear Nuclear safety ..138. Nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste and decommissioning ..140. Research and development, other nuclear infrastructure ..143. Assessment ..143. Recommendations ..145. Reference ..145. PART III Energy TECHNOLOGY ..147. 11. Energy TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ..149. RD&D Research institutions and selected Funding ..151. International collaboration ..153. Assessment ..153. Recommendations ..154. References ..154. PART IV ANNEXES .. 155. ANNEX A: Organisation of the Review ..157. ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data ..161. ANNEX C: International Energy Agency Shared Goals ..167. ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations.

8 169. List of figures, tables and boxes LIST OF FIGURES. Map of Spain ..14. TPES, 1973-2014 ..16. Breakdown of TPES in IEA member Countries , 2014 ..17. Energy production by source, OECD/IEA, 2015. 5. Table of contents TFC by sector, 1973-2013 .. 19. CO2 emissions by sector, 1973-2013 ..28. CO2 emissions by fuel, 1973-2013 ..28. Energy -related CO2 emissions per unit of GDP in Spain and in other selected IEA member Countries , 1973-2013 ..29. CO2 emissions and main drivers in Spain , 1990-2013 ..29. TFC by sector and by source, 1973-2013 ..36. Energy intensity in Spain and in other selected IEA member Countries , 1973-2014 ..37. TPES per capita in IEA member Countries , 2014.

9 38. Crude oil imports by source, 1974-2014 ..53. Oil supply by sector, 1973-2013 ..55. Oil consumption by product, 2013 ..55. Map of the Spanish oil infrastructure, 2014 ..56. Fuel prices in IEA member Countries , first quarter Coal supply by sector, 1973-2013 ..66. Map of coal-fired power plants in Spain , 2014 ..71. Spain 's natural gas net trade by country, Natural gas demand by sector, Map of the Spanish natural gas infrastructure, 2014 ..81. Gas prices in IEA member Countries , 2014 ..88. Gas prices in Spain and selected IEA member Countries , 2002-14 ..89. Electricity generation by source, 1973-2014 .. 93. Electricity generation by source in IEA member Countries , 2014.

10 94. Net electricity imports to and exports from Spain , by country, Electricity consumption by sector, 1973-2013 ..97. Tariff deficit accumulated in Spain , 2000-14 ..99. Costs and revenues in the Spanish electricity system, 2005-13 ..99. Overview of electricity markets in Spain ..103. EUROPEX quarterly electricity prices, January 2010 to June Map of Spain 's electricity network, 2014 ..107. Electricity prices in IEA member Countries , 2014 ..115. Electricity prices in Spain and in other selected IEA member Countries , 1980-2014 ..116. Renewable Energy as a percentage of TPES, Renewable Energy as a percentage of TPES in Spain and IEA member Countries , 2014 ..126. Electricity generation from renewable sources as a percentage of all generation in Spain and IEA member Countries , Energy availability factors of nuclear power plants in Spain and the OECD, 2000-13.