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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, SIXTH EDITION

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, SIXTH EDITIONE nvironmental Engineering: water , Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation SIXTH EditionEdited by Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy, Patrick Sullivan, and Joseph A. SalvatoCopyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-470-08303-1 ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING, SIXTHEDITIONW ater, Wastewater, Soil andGroundwater Treatmentand RemediationEDITED BY NELSON L. NEMEROW, FRANKLIN J. AGARDY,PATRICK SULLIVAN, AND JOSEPH A. SALVATOJohn Wiley & Sons, book is printed on acid-free 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, withouteither the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at Requeststo the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling / 30 Sampling Frequency / 33 ... Drinking Water Additives / 68 vii. viii CONTENTS Water Quantity / 69 Water Conservation / 70 ... A primary requisite for good health is an adequate supply of water that is of satisfactory sanitary quality. It is also important that the water be attractive and

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Transcription of ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, SIXTH EDITION

1 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, SIXTH EDITIONE nvironmental Engineering: water , Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation SIXTH EditionEdited by Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy, Patrick Sullivan, and Joseph A. SalvatoCopyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-470-08303-1 ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING, SIXTHEDITIONW ater, Wastewater, Soil andGroundwater Treatmentand RemediationEDITED BY NELSON L. NEMEROW, FRANKLIN J. AGARDY,PATRICK SULLIVAN, AND JOSEPH A. SALVATOJohn Wiley & Sons, book is printed on acid-free 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, withouteither the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at Requeststo the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

2 , 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: Whilethe publisher and author have used their bestefforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any impliedwarranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created orextended by sales representatives or written salesmaterials. The advice and strategies containedherein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional whereappropriate. Neither the publisher nor the authorshall be liable for any loss of profit or any othercommercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317)572-3993 or fax (317) also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats.

3 Some content that appears in printmay not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit ourweb site at of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ENVIRONMENTAL engineering. water , wastewater, soil, and groundwater treatmentand remediation / edited by Franklin and Patrick Sullivan. 6th and revised from earlier work: ENVIRONMENTAL engineering /[edited by] Joseph A. Salvato, Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy. 5th ed. bibliographical references and 978-0-470-08303-1 (cloth) Purification. treatment plants. disposal plants. remediation. I. Agardy,Franklin J. II. Sullivan, Patrick J., : water , wastewater, soil, and groundwater treatment and dc222008032160 Printed in the United States of America10987654321 Doctors Agardy and Sullivan would like to dedicate this SIXTH EDITION ofEnvironmental Engineeringto Nelson L. Nemerow who passed away inDecember of 2006.

4 Dr. Nemerow was born on April 16, 1923 and spentmost of his productive years as an educator and prolific author. He spentmany years teaching at Syracuse University, the University of Miami, NorthCarolina State, Florida International, and Florida Atlantic University. Heauthored some 25 books dedicated to advancing the art of waste disposaland utilization. His passion was waste minimization and the title of one ofhis most recent publications,Zero Pollution for Industry, summed up morethan fifty years of teaching and consulting. A devoted husband and father,he divided his time between residences in Florida and Southern served in the United States Merchant Marine during World War commitment to excellence was second to 1 water SUPPLY1T. David ChinnIntroduction / 1 Groundwater Pollution Hazard / 3 Travel of Pollution through the Ground / 5 Disease Transmission / 10 water Quantity and Quality / 10 water Cycle and Geology / 10 Groundwater Flow / 13 Groundwater Classification / 16 water Quality / 17 Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data / 26 sanitary survey and water Sampling / 30 Sampling Frequency / 33 water Analyses / 36 Heterotrophic Plate Count The Standard Plate Count / 37 Bacterial Examinations / 38 Biological Monitoring / 42 Virus Examination / 42 Protozoa and Helminths Examination / 43 Specific Pathogenic Organisms / 43 Physical Examinations / 44 Microscopic Examination / 46 Chemical Examinations / 48 drinking water Additives / 68viiviiiCONTENTSW ater Quantity / 69 water Conservation / 70Wa t e r R e u s e / 7 5 Source and Protection of water Supply / 77 General / 77

5 Groundwater / 88 Dug Well / 88 Bored Well / 89 Driven and Jetted Well / 90 Drilled Well / 91 Well Development / 93 Grouting / 96 Well Contamination Cause and Removal / 99 Spring / 101 Infiltration Gallery / 101 Cistern / 103 Domestic Well- water Supplies Special Problems / 105 Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use andPoint-of-Entry) / 108 Desalination / 111 References / 118 Bibliography / 126 CHAPTER 2 water TREATMENT133T. David ChinnTreatment of water Design and Operation Control / 133 Introduction / 133 Surface water / 134 Treatment Required / 135 Disinfection / 136 Gas Chlorinator / 137 Testing for Residual Chlorine / 138 Chlorine Treatment for Operation andMicrobiological Control / 139 Distribution System Contamination / 145 Plain Sedimentation / 146 Microstraining / 146 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling / 147 Filtration / 149 CONTENTSixSlow Sand Filter / 149 Rapid Sand (Granular Media)

6 Filter / 151 Direct Filtration / 157 Pressure Sand Filter / 160 Diatomaceous Earth Filter / 160 Package water Treatment Plant / 161 water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge / 162 Causes of Tastes and Odors / 162 Control of Microorganisms / 163 Zebra Mussel and Its Control / 169 Aquatic Weed Control / 169 Other Causes of Tastes and Odors / 170 Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastesand Odors / 172 Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal / 182 Corrosion Cause and Control / 187 Removal of Inorganic Chemicals / 197 Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals / 201 water System Design Principles / 205 water Quantity / 205 Design Period / 206 Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design / 206 Intakes and Screens / 208 Pumping / 209 Distribution Storage Requirements / 210 Peak Demand Estimates / 213 Distribution System Design Standards / 217 Small Distribution Systems / 220 Fire Protection / 220 Cross-Connection Control / 222 Hydropneumatic Systems / 226 Pumps / 231 Displacement Pump / 231 Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine / 233 Jet Pump / 235 Air-Lift Pump / 235 Hydraulic Ram / 236 Pump and Well Protection / 237 Pump Power and Drive / 237xCONTENTSA utomatic Pump Control / 239 water Hammer / 239 Rural water Conditions in the United States / 240 Design of a Household water System / 242 Examples / 242 Design of Small water Systems / 242 Design of a Camp water System / 255 water System Cost Estimates / 255 Cleaning and Disinfection / 257 Wells and Springs / 258 Pipelines / 260 Storage Reservoirs and Tanks / 261 Emergency water Supply and Treatment / 262 Boiling / 263 Chlorination / 263 Iodine / 266 Filtration in an Emergency / 267 Bottled, Packaged.

7 And Bulk water / 267 References / 269 Bibliography / 278 CHAPTER 3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL283 John R. KieferDisease Hazard / 283 Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal / 285 Definitions / 285 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems / 288 Wastewater Characteristics / 289 Soil Characteristics / 289 Soil Suitability / 290 Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems / 291 Soil Percolation Test / 291 Sewage Flow Estimates / 293 Septic Tank / 295 Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface AbsorptionSystems / 299 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems / 301 Absorption Field System / 301 CONTENTSxiLeaching Pit / 305 Cesspool / 305 Dry Well / 306 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for UnsuitableSoils or Sites / 308 General / 308 Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System / 308 Example / 309 Capillary Seepage Trench / 309 Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System / 310 Septic Tank Sand Filter System / 312 Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit / 315 Septic Tank Mound System / 315

8 Example 1 / 317 Electric Osmosis System / 318 Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System / 318 Example 2 / 320 water Conservation / 321 Sewage Works Design Small Treatment Plants / 322 Disinfection / 322 Physical-Chemical Treatment / 326 Sedimentation / 326 Coagulation/Flocculation / 326 Filtration / 327 Activated Carbon Adsorption / 328 Biological Treatment / 328 Wastewater Reuse / 334 Wastewater Aerosol Hazard / 335 Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment / 336 Advanced Wastewater Treatment / 341 Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants / 344 Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank / 344 High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank / 346 Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank orSeptic Tank / 347 Design of Large Treatment Plants / 347 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal / 352 Cost of Sewage Treatment / 357xiiCONTENTSI ndustrial Wastes / 360 Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes / 360 Pretreatment / 362 References / 363 Bibliography / 367 INDEX371 PREFACEAs the global population grows and many developing countries modernize, theimportance of water supply and water treatment becomes a much greater factorin the welfare of nations.

9 In similar fashion, the need to address both domesticand industrial wastes generated by these nations moves higher on the scale ofimportance. Clearly, in today s worldthe competition for water resources cou-pled with the unfortunate commingling of wastewater discharges with freshwatersupplies creates additional pressure on treatment volume attempts to address issues of water supply including the demandfor fresh water , the treatment technologiesavailable to treat water , and the treat-ment and disposal of community-generated wastewaters. The focus is the practi-cality and appropriateness of treatment in sufficient detail so that the practicingpublic health official, water treatmentengineer and plant operator, as well asthose in the domestic and industrial waste treatment professions, can addresstheir problems in a practical manner. The emphasis is on basic principles J.

10 AgardyPatrick SullivanNelson L. NemerowxiiiCONTRIBUTORST. DAVID CHINNS enior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Austin, R. KIEFERC onsulting ENVIRONMENTAL Engineer, Greenbrae, 1 water SUPPLYT. DAVID CHINNP rofessional Engineer, Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Austin, TexasINTRODUCTIONA primary requisite for good health is an adequate supply of water that is ofsatisfactory sanitary quality. It is also important that the water be attractive andpalatable to induce its use; otherwise, consumers may decide to use water ofdoubtful quality from a nearby unprotected stream, well, or spring. Where amunicipal water supply passes near a property, the owner of the property shouldbe urged to connect to it because such supplies are usually under a municipal water supply is not available, the burden of developinga safe water supply rests with the owner of the property.