EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OFVACCINE- …

1 This book was produced by the Communication and Education Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PREVENTION , who is solely responsible for its content. It was printed and distributed by the Public Health Foundation. For additional copies, contact the Public Health Foundation at 877 252 1200 or website Slide sets to accompany this book are available on the CDC Vaccines and Immunization website at address for comments, questions or suggestions about the contents of this book: PREVENTIONOFVACCINE-PREVENTABLE13 DISEATH EDITIONSESE dited by.

2 Jennifer Hamborsky, MPH, MCHES Andrew Kroger, MD, MPH Charles (Skip) of Health and Human ServicesCenters for DiseaseControl and PreventionApril, 2015 Milestones in the History of VaccinationUse of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Services or the Department of Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of these sites.

3 URL addresses were current as of the date of editors would like to thank Dr. William L. Atkinson, who summarized, standardized and compiled CDC s vaccine-preventable disease and vaccine teaching materials to create the Pink Book. He just thought it up and did it. Apocalypse NowThis illustration depicts the influenza virus. Graphic created by Dan J. Higgins, Division of Communication Services, CDCS uggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and PREVENTION . EPIDEMIOLOGY and PREVENTION of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. 13th ed. Washington Public Health Foundation, the cover400 BCEH ippocrates describes diphtheria, epidemic jaundice, and other conditions110 0sVariolation for smallpox first reported in China1721 Variolation introduced into Great Britain1796 Edward Jenner inoculates James Phipps with cowpox, and calls the procedure vaccination ("vacca" is Latin for cow)iiMilestones in the History of Vaccination1 Principles of VaccinationImmunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

4 1 Classification of Vaccines ..4 Selected References ..72 General Recommendations on ImmunizationTiming and Spacing of Vaccines ..9 Adverse Reactions Following Vaccination ..15 Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ..17 Invalid Contraindications to Vaccination ..24 Screening for Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ..28 Selected References ..313 Immunization Strategies for Healthcare Practicesand Providers The Need for Strategies to Increase Immunization Levels..33 The AFIX Approach ..34 Other Essential Strategies ..39 Selected References ..454 Vaccine SafetyThe Importance of Vaccine Safety Programs.

5 47 Sound Immunization Recommendations and Policy ..49 Assessing and Monitoring Safety of Vaccines ..50 Vaccine Injury Compensation ..54 The Immunization Provider s Role ..55 Selected References ..605 Storage and HandlingVaccine Storage and Handling ..63 Receiving and Unpacking Vaccine Deliveries ..66 Vaccine Storage and Temperature Monitoring Equipment ..67 Vaccine and Diluent Placement and Labeling..70 Vaccine Storage Troubleshooting ..71 Vaccine and Diluent Inventory Control ..73 Selected References ..776 Vaccine AdministrationStaff Training and Education ..79 Patient Care Before Administering Vaccine.

6 80 Patient Care During Vaccine Administration ..83 Infection Control ..87 Vaccine Preparation ..881870 Louis Pasteur creates the first live attenuated bacterial vaccine (chicken cholera)1884-85 Pasteur creates the first live attenuated viral vaccine for use in humans1900 Paul Ehrlich formulates receptor theory of immunity1901 First Nobel Prize in Medicine to von Behring for diphtheria antitoxin1909 Theobald Smith discovers a method for inactivating diphtheria toxinTable of ContentsiiiMilestones in the History of VaccinationRoute and Site ..91 Nonstandard Administration ..99 Managing Acute Vaccine Reactions.

7 100 Documentation ..101 Strategies to Prevent Administration Errors ..102 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) ..104 Selected References and Resources ..1047 Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae ..107 Pathogenesis ..107 Clinical Features ..108 Complications ..109 Laboratory Diagnosis ..110 Medical Management ..110 EPIDEMIOLOGY ..111 Secular Trends in the United States ..112 Diphtheria Toxoid ..113 Vaccination Schedule and Use ..114 Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ..115 Adverse Events Following Vaccination ..115 Adverse Reactions Following Vaccination ..115 Vaccine Storage and Handling.

8 116 Suspect Case Investigation and Control ..116 Selected References ..1178 Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae ..119 Pathogenesis ..120 Clinical Features ..121 Laboratory Diagnosis ..121 Medical Management ..122 EPIDEMIOLOGY ..123 Secular Trends in the United States ..123 Haemophilus influenzae type b Vaccines ..125 Vaccination Schedule and Use ..126 Monvalent Vaccines ..128 Combination Vaccines ..130 Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ..131 Adverse Reactions Following Vaccination ..132 Vaccine Storage and Handling ..132 Surveillance and Reporting of Hib Disease.

9 132 Selected References ..13219 19 Calmette and Guerin create BCG, the first live attenuated bacterial vaccine for humans1923 First whole-cell pertussis vaccine testedGaston Ramon develops diphtheria toxoid1926 Ramon and Christian Zoeller develop tetanus toxoid19 31 Goodpasture describes a technique for viral culture in hens eggs1936 Thomas Francis and Thomas Magill develop the first inactivated influenza vaccineivTable of ContentsMilestones in the History of Vaccination9 Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Virus ..135 Pathogenesis ..135 Clinical Features ..136 Complications ..136 Laboratory Diagnosis.

10 136 Medical Management ..137 EPIDEMIOLOGY ..137 Secular Trends in the United States ..139 Case Definition ..141 Hepatitis A Vaccine ..141 Vaccination Schedule and Use ..142 Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ..146 Adverse Reactions Following Vaccination ..147 Vaccine Storage and Handling ..147 Postexposure Prophylaxis ..147 Selected References ..14710 Hepatitis BHepatitis B Virus ..149 Clinical Features ..150 Complications ..151 Laboratory Diagnosis ..152 Medical Management ..154 EPIDEMIOLOGY ..154 Secular Trends in the United States ..156 Hepatitis B PREVENTION Strategies.