Ethical Challenges PDF - Ethics Unwrapped

1 ByEthical Challenges :Building an Ethics ToolkitDeni ElliottAuthorHouse 1663 Liberty Drive, Suite 200 Bloomington, IN : 1-800-839-8640 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the published by AuthorHouse Printed in the United States of AmericaBloomington, IndianaThis book is printed on acid-free paper. 2009 Deni Elliott. All rights : 978-1-4343-8802-5 (sc)Library of Congress Control Number: 20089044561/16/2009vDedicated to my real-life sister, Debbie, and to my spiritual sisters Allison, Rose, and Pam, all of whom keep me nourished with their Introduction to Ethical ChallengesRight and wrong. Good and bad. What may I do? What must I do? Which is the best thing to do?

2 Every thinking person grapples with these issues. But most people make their choices haphazardly and hope that things will turn out okay. There is a better way. When people think about the different components involved in Ethical decision making, they tend to become better at making tough choices. Their decision making improves in three ways: clarity, consistency, and means that people can describe what they are choosing in specific situations and why. It is good to be able to explain one s choices. Saying, I did what I felt like doing, is not an adequate explanation if someone else is suffering because of your choice . If you can explain your reasoning to yourself, you are in a better position to examine the adequacy of your choice and determine how you might want to do things differently in the future.

3 Choices are consistent when they reflect the decision maker s understanding of the principle that rests behind specific choices. For example, you might justify investing $200 in your daughter s extracurricular activity by the fact that you funded her brother s favorite hobby last month. In this case, you are appealing to the principle of fairness. Ethical decision making is complete when it takes into account everyone directly affected by the decision and other important characteristics of the situation. It is easy to respond to the need of one homeless person on the street who asks for your pocket change. But a choice to provide a more substantial donation to the local homeless shelter might be better, ethically speaking. That donation would help more people and by keeping the kitchen stocked at the shelter, it might provide more dependable assistance for the individual who approached you.

4 Ethical Challenges provides information and activities to help individuals or groups think through basic Ethical concepts and considerations. Ethical Challenges will not provide specific answers for the specific dilemmas that people face but will help readers bring to conscious awareness some understandings that help in thinking through Ethical workbook can be used alone to stimulate the moral imagination and provoke interesting discussions. It can also be used in conjunction with a more theoretical book, Ethics in the First Person: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Practical Ethics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) that I wrote. Ethics in the First Person provides an expanded version of the concepts that are introduced here. Ethical Challenges is produced with thanks to the several hundreds of students, from pre-school age through middle age, who have helped me learn how to teach Ethics , and thanks to Pam Hogle for expert copyediting at a minute s notice.

5 Its production was possible at this time because of the encouragement and expert assistance of my friend and sister through marriage, Roseanna Lester. I am grateful to her for this and for her most important production, her daughter, disclaimer: This workbook is full of examples and hypothetical situations intended to help readers stretch their reasoning abilities. Some are classic, some are based on events or issues in current life, and some I created to illustrate a point. Usually, a variety of answers would be acceptable. In addition, much of the material here is derivative of the work of contemporary philosopher Bernard Gert. Gert s concepts that I have included in this workbook have appeared in a variety of books, journal articles and even in Playboy magazine.

6 Rather than cite specific references, I have included a list of Gert s more accessible selections on the resources page. Deni ElliottSt. Petersburg, FloridaMay 2008viiiContentsChapter 1I am an Ethical Being .. 1A Person with Values .. 3 Activity #1 ..4 Activity #2 ..5 Activity #3 ..7A Person with Ethical Intuitions ..8 Activity #4 ..9 Activity #5 .. 11A Person with Responsibilities .. 11 Activity #6 .. 12 Activity #7 .. 12 Activity #8 .. 13 Activity #9 .. 14A Person with Power .. 14 Activity #10 .. 16 Chapter 2 What Ethics Is; What Ethics Is Not ..19 Activity #11 .. 20 Activity #12 .. 26 Four Categories of Choices .. 27 Activity #13 .. 28 Activity #14 .. 29A Moral Community Census .. 30 Activity #15 .. 33 Chapter 3 Systematic Moral Analysis .. 35 Activity #16.

7 36 Some Tips for Conceptualizing and Justifying .. 39 Activity #17 .. 41 Close Analysis of Deception, Cheating, and Promise-Breaking .. 42 Activity #18 .. 44 Chapter 4 The Life of an Ethical Person .. 45 Don t Deny .. 45 Admit and Mitigate Moral Mistakes .. 46 Activity #19 .. 47 Examine Your Motivations and Grow Beyond Them .. 48 Activity #20 .. 49ixxChapter 5 The End is Only the Beginning .. 51 Resources for Practical Thinkers .. 51 Glossary .. 52 Some Suggested Answers for Activity #16 .. 58 AppendixSystematic Moral Analysis .. 591 Chapter 1I am an Ethical BeingEach one of us is born to be Ethical . Just as humans are hard-wired with the potential to breathe and see and hear and walk and talk and think, we arrive with the potential to take into consideration how our actions impact people and world around us.

8 Part of what it means to be human is being a member of a species with these potentials. So, even though people have a range of visual capabilities, for example, from being completely blind to having vision that is better than the 20/20 norm, we are all part of a species with the potential of sight. So it is with say that people are born with the capacity to care for others because that is necessary for the survival of our species. Religious scholars credit God with giving humans the abilities to recognize the innate worth of other people, species, and the environment. Some philosophers argue that people recognize responsibilities to consider other people, animals, and the earth because of our natural reasoning abilities.

9 Whatever the foundation for this ability, Ethics is an innate quality. We are born with the potential of becoming moral beings. The word moral is synonymous with Ethical . The words have almost identical classical meanings. The word moral is from the Latin mores which means custom, as in, how people customarily behave. The word Ethics is from the Greek ethikos which also refers to behaviors we expect. Ethics , (or morality) as it is used in this book, is the study of how people should act toward one another, other species, and natural systems. The fundamental expectation is that people should avoid causing unjustified harm. There is more to Ethics than choosing not to harm others. The world would be a sad place if all that we did was stay out of each other s way.

10 Ethics is also about promoting the good. Activities in this book explore both, but most try to clarify what it means for an individual1. moral agent to2. avoid causing3. unjustified4. harms5. to other humans and6. to other subjects of moral worthReaders who complete all 20 of the activities in this book should have a much more clear idea of what each of these 6 concepts mean than they have now. To think ethically, a person must understand that he or she is capable of causing harm to other people, animals and the environment. Most people develop a full understanding of this slowly over a long lifetime, but by the time children are three or four years old, they begin to understand that 2they can hurt others sometimes with bites or slaps to illustrate their understanding!