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Ethics in Qualitative Research - Columbia …

Journal of Nursing Scholarship First Quarter 2001 93 Profession and SocietyEthical issues are present in any kind of Research . Theresearch process creates tension between the aims ofresearch to make generalizations for the good ofothers, and the rights of participants to maintain pertains to doing good and avoiding harm. Harm canbe prevented or reduced through the application ofappropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of humansubjects or participants in any Research study is of human rights in the name of scientific researchhave been among the darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than 400 African American people who hadsyphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored byUnited States Public Health Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public outrage (Caplan, 1992).

Journal of Nursing Scholarship First Quarter 2001 95 Ethics in Qualitative Research health research must be aware not only of the promise to

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Transcription of Ethics in Qualitative Research - Columbia …

1 Journal of Nursing Scholarship First Quarter 2001 93 Profession and SocietyEthical issues are present in any kind of Research . Theresearch process creates tension between the aims ofresearch to make generalizations for the good ofothers, and the rights of participants to maintain pertains to doing good and avoiding harm. Harm canbe prevented or reduced through the application ofappropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of humansubjects or participants in any Research study is of human rights in the name of scientific researchhave been among the darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than 400 African American people who hadsyphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored byUnited States Public Health Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public outrage (Caplan, 1992).

2 Anotherexample of unethical Research is the experiment conductedbetween 1950-1952 in which more than 1,000 pregnantwomen were given diethylstilbestrol to prevent women were subject to a double-blind study withoutconsent. Only 20 years later, when the children of thesewomen had high rates of cancer and other abnormalities didthe participants learn they were subjects of these experiments(Capron, 1989).The nature of ethical problems in Qualitative researchstudies is subtle and different compared to problems inquantitative Research . For example, potential ethical conflictsexist in regard to how a researcher gains access to acommunity group and in the effects the researcher may haveon participants.

3 The literature provides few examples ofethical issues in Qualitative health Research . Punch (1994)claimed that one hardly ever hears of ethical failures inqualitative Research . However, Batchelor and Briggs (1994)claimed that the failure of researchers to address ethical issueshas resulted in those researchers being ill-prepared to copewith the unpredictable nature of Qualitative researchers focus their Research on exploring,examining, and describing people and their naturalenvironments. Embedded in Qualitative Research are theconcepts of relationships and power between researchers andparticipants. The desire to participate in a Research studydepends upon a participant s willingness to share his or herexperience.

4 Nurse researchers have to balance researchprinciples as well as the well-being of clients (Ramos, 1989). Qualitative health Research is focused on the experiencesof people in relation to health and illness. Yet nurseresearchers may find that their roles as researchers and asclinicians may be in conflict. Qualitative studies are frequentlyconducted in settings involving the participation of peoplein their everyday environments. Therefore, any Research thatincludes people requires an awareness of the ethical issuesthat may be derived from such interactions. Ethics in healthresearch includes appropriateness of the Research design, themethodological design, and the funding sources, as well asbehaviors in reporting data.

5 The purpose of this paper is toshow these and related ethical issues and ethical principlesto be used in Qualitative in Qualitative ResearchAngelica Orb, Laurel Eisenhauer, Dianne WynadenAngelica Orb, RN, PhD, MACE, Alpha Chi, Senior Lecturer, School of Nursing,Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia. Laurel Eisenhauer,RN, PhD, FAAN, Alpha Chi, Professor and Associate Dean for Graduate Programs,School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. Dianne Wynaden, RN,RMHN, MSc (HSc), Lecturer, School of Nursing, Curtin University of Technology,Perth, Western Australia, and Clinical Nurse Consultant, Directorate of MentalHealth Services, Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, Fremantle, WesternAustralia.

6 Correspondence to Dr. Orb, School of Nursing, Curtin University ofTechnology, GPO Box 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845. for publication June 12, : To critically examine ethical issues in Qualitative Construct: The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice are guidesfor researchers to address initial and ongoing tensions between the needs and goals of theresearch and the rights of : Research literature, Ethics literature, and researcher : Ethical principles can be used to guide the Research in addressing the initial andongoing issues arising from Qualitative Research in order to meet the goals of the Research aswell as to maintain the rights of the Research OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, 2000; 33:1, 93-96.

7 2001 SIGMA THETA TAU INTERNATIONAL.[Key words: Qualitative Research , Ethics ]* * *94 First Quarter 2001 Journal of Nursing ScholarshipEthics in Qualitative ResearchIssues in Qualitative Research Although ethical review boards scrutinize most nursingresearch proposals, the researchers are ultimately responsiblefor protecting the participants. Dresser (1998) said that theadministrative burden of ethical reviews and procedures isbalanced by the protection of participants. She suggested closemonitoring of high-risk studies. In Qualitative studies,researchers rely heavily on collecting data through interviews,observations, written materials, and audiovisual in the field, researchers should negotiate access toparticipants to collect data; thus the quality of socialinteractions between researchers and the participants mayfacilitate or inhibit access to information.

8 Once access to thefield has been granted and the first steps of data collectionare taken, researchers may experience ethical dilemmas thatmay not have been anticipated in the Research plan (Field &Morse, 1992).Ramos (1989) described three types of problems that mayaffect Qualitative studies: the researcher/participantrelationship, the researcher s subjective interpretations ofdata, and the design itself. For example, a researcher sdeception or disclosure of damaging information can s study of homosexuals is one example (Punch,1994). His controversial Research method of participantobservation using deception shocked American academicswho wanted to revoke the researcher s doctoral degree.

9 Heobserved men in a public bathroom and followed them totheir homes under the guise of working on a different project(Punch, 1994). Clarke (1996) used deception in a forensicunit, claiming that this approach was necessary to obtain uncontaminated data. She used participant observationover a period of 6 weeks while working as a nursing did not disclose her role as researcher. She retreatedto the restroom to take notes or to speak into a smalldictaphone. Clarke justified this method stating that somedegree of deception is permissible when dealing withsensitive aspects of subjects behaviour (p. 38).When preparing Research protocols, nurse researchersshould consider the potential ethical issues that can beanticipated in the study, such as informed consent,confidentiality, data generation and analysis, researcher/participant relationships, and reporting of final Process of Data CollectionThe purpose of Qualitative studies is to describe aphenomenon from the participants points of view throughinterviews and observations.

10 The intention of the researcheris to listen to the voice of participants or observe them intheir natural environments. The researcher s interpretationof these experiences is usually described as an emic perspective(Field & Morse, 1992). The acceptance of this statementmeans that researchers recognise that participants areautonomous people who will share information willingly. Abalanced Research relationship will encourage disclosure,trust, and awareness of potential ethical issues. Kvale (1996)considered an interview to be a moral endeavour, claimingthat the participant s response is affected by the interview,and that the knowledge gained through the interview affectsour understanding of the human experience.


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