Ethiopian Environment Review No. 1, 2010

1 Ethiopian Environment ReviewNo. 1, 2010 Forum for Environment t IF WE TAKE CARE OF THE EARTH, THE EARTH WILL TAKE CARE OF US FORUM FOR Environment ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 Sue Edwards (editor) Ethiopian Environment Review NO 1 is published by Forum for Environment PO Box 10386 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251-(0)115-521662/1015 Fax: +251-(0)115-521034 e-mail: web: FORUM FOR Environment , 2010 The Forum for Environment (FfE) received financial support to produce this publication from BothENDS, based in the Netherlands. Citation is encouraged. Short excerpts may be translated and/or reproduced without prior permission, on condition that the source is fully acknowledged and FfE is notified. This publication cannot be used for any commercial purpose without prior written permission from the publisher. Responsibility for the content and for the opinions expressed rest solely with the authors. Cover layout and design: Heran Woldu Design of the body: Sue Edwards Printed by: Eclipse Printing Press, Addis Ababa This publication can be cited as: Edwards, Sue (ed.)

2 , 2010. Ethiopian Environment Review No. 1. Forum for Environment , Addis Ababa. ~ iii ~ Ethiopian Environment Review NO 1 CONTENTS EDITORIAL BOARD .. v REVIEWERS .. v ACRONYMS .. vii PREFACE .. xiii SUMMARY .. xv LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES FOR Environment IN ETHIOPIA IN 2008 Mellese Damtie .. 1 1. Introduction .. 1 2. Federal Laws .. 2 3. Regional Laws .. 10 4. Questionnaire Responses on Decision Making Powers of Government Organs on Issues Related to Environment .. 17 5. Conclusion .. 18 POPULATION DYNAMICS AND Environment IN ETHIOPIA: AN OVERVIEW Selome Bekele & Assefa Hailemariam .. 23 1. Introduction .. 23 2. Population Dynamics .. 23 3. Components of Population Change .. 33 4. Population Environment Nexus.

3 41 5. Conferences, Policies and Legal frameworks on Population .. 48 6. Conclusion .. 53 Review OF THE URBAN Environment IN ETHIOPIA IN 2008 Tadesse Amera .. 61 1. Introduction .. 61 2. energy and Urban Environment in Ethiopia .. 62 3. Biogas Latrines and Their Contribution to Urban energy and Sanitation .. 63 4. Air Pollution from Traffic in the Urban Environment .. 64 5. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Relation to Urban Environment .. 64 6. Solid Waste Management .. 66 7. Urban Agriculture .. 71 8. Urban Green Areas .. 74 Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ iv ~ Ethiopian energy SECTOR Review FOR UP TO 2008 Hilawe Lakew .. 79 1. Introduction .. 79 2. energy Resources .. 79 3. energy Supply and Use .. 80 4. Institutional framework.

4 86 5. Issues and Constraints .. 89 6. Major Activities in the Sector .. 95 7. Recommendations and Future Directions .. 101 WETLANDS OF ETHIOPIA: OVERVIEW OF RECENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Tenalem Ayenew .. 105 1. Introduction .. 105 2. Distribution of Wetlands .. 106 3. Values of Wetlands .. 108 4. Environmental Changes .. 110 5. The Way Forward .. 121 Review OF FOREST, WOODLAND AND BUSHLAND RESOURCES IN ETHIOPIA UP TO 2008 Mulugeta Lemenih & Tadesse Woldemariam .. 131 1. Background .. 131 2. Forests and Other Vegetation Resources .. 132 3. Socio-Economic and Ecological Importance .. 142 4. Forest Management Efforts .. 149 5. Institutional and Legal Issues .. 162 6. Global Issues and Their Implications for Sustainable Forest Development .. 168 7. Gaps and Constraints .. 169 8. The Way Forward .. 173 Review OF LAND DEGRADATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA UP TO 2008/09 Berhan Gessesse.

5 187 1. Introduction .. 187 2. Concepts of Land, Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management .. 188 3. Legal Framework and International Conventions Supporting Sustainable Land Management .. 189 4. Land Degradation and Resource Management Studies in Ethiopia: An Overview .. 192 5. Gaps, Constraints and Bottlenecks to Promote and Scale-Up Sustainable Land Management .. 204 Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ v ~ 6. Opportunities to Promote and Scale-Up Sustainable Land Management in Ethiopia .. 209 7. Concluding Remark .. 211 AN OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND RESPONSES IN ETHIOPIA Aklilu Amsalu & Dereje Gebremichael .. 215 1. Background .. 215 2. Global Responses .. 217 3. Climate Change in Ethiopia .. 219 4.

6 Overview of Challenges and Prospects .. 226 5. Conclusion .. 227 EDITORIAL BOARD Ensermu Kelbessa: National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University (AAU); e-mail: Masresha Fetene: Academic Vice President, Addis Ababa University (AAU); e-mail: Negusu Aklilu: Director, Forum for Environment (FfE), Addis Ababa; e-mail Sue Edwards: Director, Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Addis Ababa; e-mail: Mahlet Tadesse: Co-organizer and Coordinator, Forum for Environment (FfE); e-mail: / REVIEWERS Afework Hailu Ethiopian Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA). Alebachew Adem Forum for Social Studies (FSS) Demel Teketay Forester, University of Botswana Habtemariam Abate Sustainable Land Use Forum (SLUF) Meskir Tesfaye Forum for Environment (FfE) Terefe Degefa Addis Ababa University (AAU) Wondwossen Sintayehu Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ vi ~ The woreda town of Adi Shu in the Alagie Mountains, Southern Tigray (Photo, Sue Edwards September 2006)

7 Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ vii ~ ACRONYMS AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science AACG Addis Ababa City Government AAEPA Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority AASBPDA Addis Ababa Sanitation, Beautification and Park s Development Agency AAU Addis Ababa University AAUAD Addis Ababa City Administration Urban Agriculture Department ADB African Development Bank ADR age dependency ratio ALRI Acute Lower Respiratory Infection ANRS Amhara National Regional State AR Afforestation/Reforestation BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development BOD Burden of Disease BPR Business Process Re-Engineering BWUD Bureau of Works and Urban Development CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO community-based organisation CDG Climate and Disaster Governance CDM Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) CEINFMP Cooking Efficiency Improvement and New Fuels Marketing Project CEPPE Cooking Efficiency Planning Program in Ethiopia CFSCDD Community Forestry and Soil Conservation and Development Department CGAA Clean and Green Addis Ababa CGAAS Clean and Green Addis Ababa Society CO2 carbon dioxide CO2e carbon dioxide carbon emission reductions COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CORH Consortium for Reproductive Health CRDA Christian Relief and Development Association CSA Central Statistics Agency/Authority)

8 CSD Commission on Sustainable Development CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia CSO civil society organisation DALY Disability Adjusted Life Year DCG Drylands Coordination Group DDCA Dire Dawa City Administration DfID Department for International Development Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ viii ~ DSM Demand Side Management DSM demand-side management EAEDPC Ethiopian Alternative energy Development and Promotion Center, formerly EREDPC EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization EC Ethiopian Calendar EDR economic dependency ratio EDRI Ethiopian Development Research Institute EEA Ethiopian Economics Association EEA Ethiopian energy Authority, formerly Ethiopian Electricity Agency EEC European Economic Commission EELPA Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (now EEPCO) EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EFAP Ethiopian Forestry Action Program EFY Ethiopian Fiscal Year EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (formerly EARO) ENDA Environment and Development Action EPA Environmental Protection Authority ER emissions reduction ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority ERCS Ethiopian Red Cross Society EREDPC Ethiopian Rural energy Development and Promotion Center (now EAEDPC)

9 ERTTP Ethiopian Rural Travel and Transport Program ESCRP Environmental Change and Security Project ESIF Ethiopian Strategic Investment Framework ESIF Ethiopian Sustainable Land Management Investment Framework ETB Ethiopian Birr EVDA Ethiopian Valleys Development Authority EWCO Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation EWDCA Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Authority EWNHS Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society EWNRA Ethiopian Wetlands and Natural Resources Association FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation (of the United Nations) FARM-Africa Food and Agriculture Research Management-Africa FaWCDA Forestry and Wildlife Conservation and Development Authority FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FfE Forum for Environment FFW Food for Work FGAE Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia FINNIDA Finish International Development Authority FIT Feed-in Tariff Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ~ ix ~ FP family planning FSS Forum for Social Studies GC Gregorian Calendar GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environmental Facility GF Global (Fund)

10 Mechanisms GHG Green House Gas GJ Giga Joule GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia GTZ Gesellschaft f r Technische Zusammenarbit GWh Giga Watt hour GWhe Giga Watt hour electricity ha hectare HAPCO HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office HSDP Health Sector Development Program IAEA International Atomic energy Agency IAP Indoor Air Pollution IBC Institute of Biodiversity Conservation ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (formerly International Centre for Research in Agroforestry) ICS Interconnected System IDR International Development Research (Institute) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IHDP International Human Dimensions Program IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ILO International Labour Organisation ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer ISD Institute for Sustainable Development IUCC Information Unit for Climate Change IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources JICA Japanese International Cooperation Association kWh kilo Watt hour LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LRM Land Resources Management m asl metres above sea level M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAI mean annual wood increment MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements Ethiopian Environment Review No 1.