European Roadmap Electrification of Road Transport

1 European Roadmap Electrification of road TransportStatus: final for publication3rd Edition, Version: 10 Date: June 20172 European Roadmap Electrification of road TransportLegal Mentions Responsible Authors/Editors: ERTRAC, EPoSS and ETIP SNET. No extract and photos of this publication can be reproduced, published, displayed, distributed, transmitted or broadcasted in any way without permission from the owned by ERTRAC (Sources: Shutterstock, Fotolia).Printed in Belgium. 2017, all right reserved3 List of acronyms 41. Introduction 62. Scenarios for Electrification in road Transport General Expectations Societal Aspects, Needs and Challenges User Needs and Expectations A change from one vehicle fits all mentality Charge points and Governmental Responsibility Charging needs for the long range BEV Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles/L-Category Vehicles Public education EU Climate and Energy Framework Impact and Benefits ETPs Perspective (on electric mobility) 133.

2 Benefits, Challenges and Technology Potentials of Electrification Emissions and Energy Efficiency Range and cost Charging technology and Infrastructure Fast Charging, V2G and Urban charging solutions Smart homes Cost of technology and economies of scale Value chain Four Big Initiatives 224. Milestones Electrified passenger cars Electrified L-Category Vehicles Electrified commercial vehicles Detailed milestone descriptions Deployment of electrified passenger cars 365. Roadmaps Roadmap Operation system dependent EVs in the urban environment Roadmap User-friendly affordable EV passenger car + infrastructure Roadmap Non-compromise electric urban bus system Roadmap Sustainable electrified long-distance trucks and coaches 42 6.

3 Annex 437. Contributors 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS4 European Roadmap Electrification of road TransportAcronymMeaningAC Alternating CurrentACEAE uropean Automobile Manufacturers Association (Association des Constructeurs Europ ens d Automobiles) BEVB attery Electric VehicleBHLSBus with a High Level of ServiceBRTBus Rapid TransitCCSC ombined Charging SystemCENELECE uropean Committee for Electrotechnical StandardisationCH4 MethaneCHAdeMO Charge de Move - trade name of a quick charging method for BEVs delivering up to kW of DC via a special electrical connectorCOCarbon MonoxideCO2 Carbon DioxideCO2eqCarbon Dioxide equivalentDCDirect CurrentEARPAE uropean automotive research partners association ECEuropean Commission ECSELE lectronic Components and Systems for European LeadershipEEGIE uropean Electricity Grid InitiativeEGCIE uropean Green Car

4 InitiativeEGVI European Green Vehicles Initiative EITIE xtractive Industry Transparency InitiativeEPoSSEuropean Technical Platform on Smart Systems IntegrationERAE uropean Research Area (EU and Associated countries)ERSE lectric road SystemsERTRACE uropean road Transport Research Advisory CouncilESCIE uropean Smart City InitiativeEUEuropean UnionEUCARE uropean Council for Automotive Research & Development EVElectric VehicleEVE IWGE lectric Vehicles and Environmental Informal Working GroupFCEVFuel Cell Electric VehicleFCH-JTIFuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology InitiativeFEVF ully Electric VehicleFMSF leet Management SystemG2 GGrid to GridGDPG ross Domestic ProductGHGG reenhouse GasHDVH eavy Duty VehicleHEVH ybrid Electric VehicleICEI nternal Combustion EngineICTI nformation and Communications TechnologiesIEAI nternational

5 Energy AgencyIECI nternational Electrotechnical CommissionLIST OF ACRONYMS5 ISOI nternational Organisation for Standardisation,ITSI ntelligent Transport SystemskgKilogramkm/hkilometers per hourkWKilowattkWhkilowatt-hourLCALife Cycle AssessmentLCCLife Cycle CostLEVL ight Electric VehicleMaaSMobility as a servicemphmiles per hourNdFeBNeodymium Iron BoronNEDCNew European Driving CycleNOxNitrogen OxideNVHN oise Vibration HarshnessOECDO rganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOEMO riginal Equipment ManufacturerPEVPlug-in Electric VehiclePHEVPlug-in Hybrid Electric VehiclePLEVPlug-in Light Electric VehiclePMParticulate MattercPPPC ontractual Public-Private PartnershipPWRP ower-to-Weight RatioPWTP owertrainR&D Research and

6 Development REXE lectric Range Extended VehicleR&IResearch and InnovationSRAS trategic Research AgendaTCOT otal Cost of OwnershipTCUT otal Cost of UseTEN-TTrans- European Network Transport UBAG erman Federal Environment Agency (Umwelt Bundesamt)UFUtility FactorULEU ltra-low EmissionUNECEU nited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeV2 GVehicle to GridV2I Vehicle to InfrastructureV2 XVehicle to anything Wh/kmWatt-hours per kilometreWHOW orld Health OrganisationWLTPW orldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test ProcedureWPTW ireless Power TransferWTWWell-to-WheelZEZero Emission6 European Roadmap Electrification of road TransportMobility is on the verge of tremendous changes and will rely more and more on Electrification .

7 The most important factors for this imminent change are: the need to accelerate efforts to tackle climate change, coupled with an increasing public concern for air quality, especially in cities, increasingly strong regulations in terms of CO2 and pollutant emissions, set by the European Union and other public authorities worldwide, coupled with the ambition to reduce dependence to fossil fuels and accelerate the use of renewable energies, a global economic environment with competing American, Asian and European industries in search for growth and to get technology leadership, significant progress in electric motor.

8 Power electronics and battery technologies and energy efficiency of the electric powertrain, public incentives to support the market take-up of electric vehicles, and growing availability of charging infrastructure, new interesting mobility offers for leasing or sharing EVs, newcomers in the automotive industry entering the market with newly designed EVs, enhanced use of electrified 2/3-wheelers ( pedelecs and scooters) for inner city traffic, potential and impact of connectivity and context has led to an increased awareness of the public for Electric Vehicles, though not yet accompanied by significant large numbers of sales.

9 But the real market take-up for EVs is expected to emerge in the coming years. Car manufacturers invest massively to make electric vehicles an industrially viable and cost competitive product. This will lead in the next five to ten years to a noticeable change in the automotive portfolio. An exemption of this observation is the increased use of power assisted bikes called pedelecs which are sold in increasing numbers. The use of pedelecs and electric scooters can contribute positively to the challenge of urban , there are still persisting technical shortcomings that require more research and development activities in the years to come.

10 In order to keep pace with the worldwide competition, there is a need to accelerate knowledge generation, in particular in the transformation of technology into reliable and cost effective products. These requirements are a necessity to obtain market success and European Roadmap on the Electrification of road Transport , published jointly by the European Technology Platforms ERTRAC, EPoSS and ETIP SNET1, provides background information and R&D&I roadmaps for the Electrification of the different vehicle categories. It has been the major source of recommendations for the projects funded by the European Green Cars Initiative in FP7, followed by the European Green Vehicles Initiative in Horizon 2020.