EXPERIMENT : SOAP MAKING (SAPONIFICATION) O

1 EXPERIMENT : SOAP MAKING ( saponification ). In this EXPERIMENT we prepare soap from animal fat (lard) or vegetable oil. Animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of carboxylic acids; they have a high molecular weight and contain the alcohol, glycerol. Chemically, these fats and oils are called triglycerides (See chapter of 372. 5160. [1. ]d 13. gr 1 Bruice). end [0. I 7840. 1620. 1580. 1760. 2300. 2780. 8300. 8280. 7820. 7860. 211. I2900. 1620 63. 1540. 1660. 4020. 4140. 2780. 2900. 1780. 3040. 1820. 1680. 2880. 4120. 3980 The 3220. 53. 1320 principal 201620. 1580. 2020. 2600. 2780. 8300. 8280.]

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8 Dv pp aR. 1Ac}{1. dv t}{0. mv rO. dv xw }{1. gr rsm rO. s0sc dy sxdic eCA. gdp DS. xl snpp /w dp 0p px ra cm L. np xbL. sgm 1fi a0p-n0s soap by adding an essential oil. You can purchase the scent you want to add or isolate it from the natural source using a process of steam distillation (see Natural Product Isolation' procedure at the end of this lab). O. - +. R 1C O CH 2 R 1CO O Na HO CH 2. O. NaOH. R 2C O CH R 2CO O- Na + + H O CH 2. saponification or hydrolysis O. - +. R 3C O CH 2. R 3CO O Na HO CH 2. Triglycerides Carboxylic Glycerol (Fat or Oil) acid salts (Soap). The natural acids are rarely of a single type in any given fat or oil.

9 In fact, a single triglyceride molecule in a fat may contain three different acid residues (R1 COOH, R2 COOH, R3 COOH), and not every triglyceride in the substance will be identical. Each fat or oil, however, has a characteristic statistical distribution of the various types of acids possible See chapter , pg 1121 of Bruice for some examples. The fats and oils that are most common in soap preparations are lard and tallow from animal sources, and coconut, palm, and olive oils from vegetable sources. The length of hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting soap.

10 For example, a salt of a saturated long-chain acid makes a harder, more insoluble soap. Chain length also affects solubility. Tallow is the principal fatty material used in MAKING soap. The solid fats of cattle are melted with steam, and the tallow layer formed at the top is removed. Soapmakers usually blend tallow with coconut oil and saponify this mixture. The resulting soap contains mainly the salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from the tallow, and the salts of lauric and myristic acids from the coconut oil. The coconut oil is added to produce a softer, more soluble soap. Lard (from hogs) differs from tallow (from cattle or sheep) in that lard contains more oleic acid.