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1 ABI ankle-brachial index ACC American College of Cardiology ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme ACR albumin-creatinine ratio / ADA American Diabetes Association ADL activity of daily living AGEs advanced glycation endproducts AHA American Heart Association ARB angiotensin IIreceptor blocker II ATP adenosine triphosphate BDI Beck Depression InventoryBMI body mass indexBOP bleeding on probingCAD coronary artery disease Ccr creatinine clearance CES-D Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression ScaleCGM continuous glucose monitoringCI confidence interval CKD chronic kidney disease CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CRP C-reactive protein C CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

2 CV coefficient of variation CVD cardiovascular disease DBP diastolic blood pressure DEND developmental delay, epilepsy, neonatal diabetesDD diabetes distress DHA docosahexaenoic acid DKA diabetic ketoacidosis DKD diabetic kidney disease DPP-4 dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 DSME diabetes self-management education DSMS diabetes self-management support DSMES diabetes self-management education and support EASD European Association for the Study of Diabetes EBM evidence-based medicineeGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate

3 Xliv 2019 EPA eicosapentaenoic acid ESA erythropoiesis stimulating agentESRD end-stage renal disease FDA Food and Drug Administration FGM flash glucose monitoringFTO fat mass and obesity-associated geneGA glycoalbumin GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase GCT glucose challenge testGDM gestational diabetes mellitus GFR glomerular filtration rate GI glycemic indexGL glycemic loadGLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1 HAAF hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failureHAPO hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomesHD hemodialysis HDL high-density lipoproteinHDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterolHHS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state HLA human leukocyte antigen HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme AHOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HR hazard ratio

4 HRQL health-related quality of life Ht hematocrit IA-2 insulinoma-associated protein-2 IAA insulin autoantibody IADL instrumental activity of daily living IADPSG International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups ICA islet cell antibody i-CGM intermittently viewed CGMIDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDF International Diabetes Federation IFG impaired fasting glycemia glucose IGT impaired glucose tolerance IL interleukin xlvIMT intima-media thickness IQ intelligence quotient IRI immunoreactive insulin IWGDF International Working Group on the Diabetic FootIVUS

5 Intravascular ultrasound JDDM Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group LADA latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adultsLDH lactate dehydrogenaseLDL low-density lipoproteinLDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterolL-FABP liver-type fatty acid binding proteinLGA large for gastational ageLSG laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy LTBI latent tuberculosis infection MA Meta-Analysis MC3R melanocortin-3receptorMC4R melanocortin-4receptorMCI mild cognitive impairment MDI multiple daily insulin injection METs metabolic equivalentsMODY maturity-onset diabetes of the young MRI magnetic resonance imaging MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids NAG N-acetyl- -D-glucosaminidaseNEAT non-exercise activity thermogenesisNHLBI National Heart, Lung.

6 And Blood Institute NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NPH neutral protamine HagedornOGTT oral glucose tolerance test OR odds ratio OSA obstructive sleep apnea PAD peripheral arterial disease PAID Problem Areas in Diabetes PCSK proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexinPDGF platelet-derived growth factor PG plasma glucose PHQ Patient Health QuestionnairePI3 phosphatidylinositol 3xlviPNDM permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus POCT point of care testingPOMC proopiomelanocortinPPAR peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid PWV pulse wave velocity QOL quality of life RAS renin-angiotensin system RCT randomized controlled trial RR

7 Relative risk RRR relative risk reduction SAP sensor-augmented pumpSBP systolic blood pressure Scr serum creatinine SD standard deviation SDB sleep-disordered breathing SFA saturated fatty acid SGA small-for-gestational ageSGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose SPIDDM slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1 SPP skin perfusion pressure SR Systematic Review SSI surgical site infection SU sulfonylurea TBI toe-brachial pressure index TC

8 Total cholesterol TG triglycerideTIA transient ischemic attack TNDM transient neonatal diabetes mellitus TNF tumor necrosis factor Ucr urine creatinine VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor VPT vibration perception threshold WHO World Health Organization ZnT8 zinc transporter 8 8 xlvii