Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of ...

1 I Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Science and Higher Education General Psychology and Life Skills (PsyL 1011) Module (First Draft) 2019 ii Contributors Koye Kassa (Assistant Professor, Bahir Dar University) Chapter One, Chapter Two, Chapter Five, and Chapter Six Dr. Aemero Asmamaw (Associate Professor, University of Gondar) Chapter Three, Chapter Four, and Chapter Seven Dr. Habtamu Disasa (Assistance Professor, Applied Social Psychology Dilla University) Chapter Eight, Chapter Nine, Chapter Ten, and Chapter Eleveni TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.

2 I Module Introduction .. 4 Module Objectives .. 6 CHAPTER ONE .. 7 ESSENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY .. 7 Definition of Psychology and Related Concepts .. 7 Goals of Psychology .. 8 Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology .. 9 Early schools of psychology .. 10 Modern schools of psychology .. 12 Branches/Sub Fields of Psychology .. 14 Research Methods in Psychology .. 15 CHAPTER TWO .. 20 HUMAN development .. 20 Basics of Human development .. 20 Principles of Human development .. 21 Aspects of Human development .. 22 Theories of Human development .

3 23 Piaget s theory of cognitive development .. 23 Freud s psychosexual theories of development .. 27 Erikson s theory of psychosocial development .. 29 Kohlberg s theory of moral development .. 32 CHAPTER THREE .. 36 LEARNING AND THEORIES OF LEARNING .. 36 Definition, Characteristics and Principles of Learning .. 37 Definitions of learning .. 37 Characteristics of learning .. 37 Factors Influencing 39 Social Learning Theory (observational learning) theory .. 48 Cognitive Learning Theory .. 50 CHAPTER FOUR .. 53 MEMORY AND FORGETTING .. 53 Memory.

4 54 Meaning and Processes of Memory .. 54 Stages/Structure of Memory .. 56 Factors Affecting Memory .. 60 Forgetting .. 61 ii Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting .. 61 Theories of Forgetting .. 62 Improving Memory .. 63 CHAPTER FIVE .. 66 MOTIVATION AND EMOTIONS .. 66 66 Definition and types of motivation .. 66 Approaches to motivation (theories of motivation) .. 67 Conflict of motives and frustration .. 71 Emotions .. 72 Definition of emotion .. 72 Theories of emotion .. 73 CHAPTER SIX .. 77 77 Meaning of Personality .. 77 Theories of Personality.

5 78 The psychoanalytic theory of personality .. 78 The trait theory of personality .. 81 Humanistic theory of personality .. 82 CHAPTER SEVEN .. 86 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND TREATMENT TECHNIQUES .. 86 Nature of Psychological Disorders .. 87 Causes of Psychological Disorders (Based on Perspectives) .. 88 The Biological Perspective .. 88 Psychological Perspectives .. 89 Types of Psychological Disorders .. 90 Treatment Techniques .. 94 CHAPTER EIGHT .. 97 INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SKILLS .. 97 Nature and Definition of Life skills .. 98 Components of Life Skills.

6 98 Goals of Life Skills .. 100 CHAPTER NINE .. 104 INTRA-PERSONAL AND PERSONAL SKILLS .. 104 Self-Concept and Self-Awareness .. 105 Self-Esteem and self-confidence .. 107 Self-Control .. 109 Anger Management .. 109 Emotional Intelligence and Managing Emotion .. 111 Stress, Coping with Stress and Resilience .. 112 iii Critical and Creative Thinking .. 115 Problem Solving and Decision Making .. 116 CHAPTER TEN .. 120 ACADEMIC SKILLS .. 120 Time Management .. 121 Note-taking and Study Skills .. 123 Test-Taking Skill .. 125 Test Anxiety and Overcoming Test Anxiety.

7 126 Goal Setting .. 128 Career development Skill .. 129 CHAPTER ELEVEN .. 132 SOCIAL SKILLS .. 132 Understanding cultural Diversity .. 133 Gender and Social Inclusion .. 135 Interpersonal Communication Skills .. 136 Social Influences .. 137 Peer Pressure .. 137 Assertiveness .. 140 Conflict and Conflict Resolution .. 141 Team Work .. 143 Overcoming Risky Behavior .. 144 REFERENCES .. 146 4 Module Introduction You might have heard or used the term psychology before you start reading this module. Psychology is a science of human cognitive processes and behaviors.

8 The objective of the module is to describe and explain the basics of psychology so that students will have better understandings psychology and psychosocial skills necessary for their academic and social life. The module has eleven chapters. Chapter one deals with definition of basic concepts, goals of psychology, historical background of psychology, theoretical perspectives in psychology, branches of psychology, research methods in psychology and applications of psychology. The second chapter includes definition and concepts of human development , facts and principles of human development , aspects of human development , theories of human development , cognitive theories, psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, and moral development theory.

9 Points discussed in chapter three are definition, principles and characteristics of learning, factors influencing learning, theories of learning and their applications, behavioral theory of learning, social learning theory and cognitive learning theory. Chapter four of the module teaches you about memory, meaning and process of memory, stages of memory, factors affecting memory, forgetting, meaning and concepts of forgetting, theories of forgetting and improving memory. In the fifth chapter concepts of motivation, definition and types of motivation, theories of motivation and their applications, conflict of motives and frustration, emotions, definition of emotion, components of emotion and theories of emotion and their applications.

10 In chapter six, concept of personality and its theories particularly psychoanalytic, trait and humanistic theories are discussed. Psychological disorders and treatment techniques nature of psychological disorders such as causes of psychological disorders, types of psychological disorders and treatment techniques are discussed in chapter seven. Chapters eight, nine, ten and eleven deal with life skills. In chapter eight, nature and definition, goals and components are discussed. Self-concept and self-awareness, self-esteem 5 and self-confidence, self-control, emotional intelligence and managing emotion, resilience and coping with stress, anger management, critical and creative thinking and problem solving and decision making are discussed in chapter nine.