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Fifth Edition, last update October 18, 2006 - ibiblio

Fifth edition , last update October 18, 20062 Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I DCBy Tony R. KuphaldtFifth edition , last update October 18, 2006ic 2000-2015, Tony R. KuphaldtThis book is published under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License. Theseterms and conditions allow for free copying, distribution,and/or modification of this documentby the general public. The full Design Science License text is included in the last an open and collaboratively developed text, this book is distributed in the hope thatit will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even theimplied warranty ofMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See theDesign ScienceLicense for more in its entirety as part of the Open Book Project collection HISTORY First edition : Printed in June of 2000. Plain-ASCII illustrations for universal computerreadability. Second edition : Printed in September of 2000. Illustrations reworked in standard graphic(eps and jpeg) format. Source files translated toTexinfoformat for easy online and printedpublication.

Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC By Tony R. Kuphaldt Fifth Edition, last update October 18, 2006

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Transcription of Fifth Edition, last update October 18, 2006 - ibiblio

1 Fifth edition , last update October 18, 20062 Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I DCBy Tony R. KuphaldtFifth edition , last update October 18, 2006ic 2000-2015, Tony R. KuphaldtThis book is published under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License. Theseterms and conditions allow for free copying, distribution,and/or modification of this documentby the general public. The full Design Science License text is included in the last an open and collaboratively developed text, this book is distributed in the hope thatit will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even theimplied warranty ofMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See theDesign ScienceLicense for more in its entirety as part of the Open Book Project collection HISTORY First edition : Printed in June of 2000. Plain-ASCII illustrations for universal computerreadability. Second edition : Printed in September of 2000. Illustrations reworked in standard graphic(eps and jpeg) format. Source files translated toTexinfoformat for easy online and printedpublication.

2 Third edition : Equations and tables reworked as graphic images rather than plain-ASCII text. Fourth edition : Printed in August 2001. Source files translated toSubMLformat. SubMLis a simple markup language designed to easily convert to other markups like LATEX,HTML, or DocBook using nothing but search-and-replace substitutions. Fifth edition : Printed in August 2002. New sections added, and error corrections made,since the fourth BASIC CONCEPTS OF Static electricity.. Conductors, insulators, and electron flow.. Electric circuits.. Voltage and current.. Resistance.. Voltage and current in a practical circuit.. Conventional versus electron flow.. Contributors.. 332 OHM s How voltage, current, and resistance relate.. An analogy for Ohm s Law.. Power in electric circuits.. Calculating electric power.. Resistors.. Nonlinear conduction.. Circuit wiring.. Polarity of voltage drops.. Computer simulation of electric circuits.

3 Contributors.. 763 ELECTRICAL The importance of electrical safety.. Physiological effects of electricity.. Shock current path.. Ohm s Law (again!).. Safe practices.. Emergency response.. Common sources of hazard.. Safe circuit design.. Safe meter usage.. Electric shock data.. Contributors.. 117iiiivCONTENTSB ibliography.. 1174 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC Scientific notation.. Arithmetic with scientific notation.. Metric notation.. Metric prefix conversions.. Hand calculator use.. Scientific notation in SPICE.. Contributors.. 1285 SERIES AND PARALLEL What are series and parallel circuits?.. Simple series circuits.. Simple parallel circuits.. Conductance.. Power calculations.. Correct use of Ohm s Law.. Component failure analysis.. Building simple resistor circuits.. Contributors.. 1706 DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF S Voltage divider circuits.. Kirchhoff s Voltage Law (KVL).. Current divider circuits.

4 Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL).. Contributors.. 1967 SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION What is a series-parallel circuit?.. Analysis technique.. Re-drawing complex schematics.. Component failure analysis.. Building series-parallel resistor circuits.. Contributors.. 2338 DC METERING What is a meter?.. Voltmeter design.. Voltmeter impact on measured circuit.. Ammeter design.. Ammeter impact on measured circuit.. Ohmmeter design.. High voltage ohmmeters.. Multimeters.. Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement.. Bridge circuits.. Wattmeter design.. Creating custom calibration resistances.. Contributors.. 3009 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analog and digital signals.. Voltage signal systems.. Current signal systems.. Tachogenerators.. Thermocouples.. pH measurement.. Strain gauges.. Contributors.. 32810 DC NETWORK What is network analysis?.. Branch current method.. Mesh current method.. Node voltage method.

5 Introduction to network theorems.. Millman s Theorem.. Superposition Theorem.. Thevenin s Theorem.. Norton s Theorem.. equivalencies.. s Theorem revisited.. Power Transfer Theorem.. -Y and Y- conversions.. 389 Bibliography.. 39011 BATTERIES AND POWER Electron activity in chemical reactions.. Battery construction.. Battery ratings.. Special-purpose batteries.. Practical considerations.. Contributors.. 408 Bibliography.. 408viCONTENTS12 PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND Introduction.. Conductor size.. Conductor ampacity.. Fuses.. Specific resistance.. Temperature coefficient of resistance.. Superconductivity.. Insulator breakdown voltage.. Data.. 43813 Electric fields and capacitance.. Capacitors and calculus.. Factors affecting capacitance.. Series and parallel capacitors.. Practical considerations.. Contributors.. 45914 MAGNETISM AND Permanent magnets.. Electromagnetism.. Magnetic units of measurement.. Permeability and saturation.

6 Electromagnetic induction.. Mutual inductance.. Contributors.. 48015 Magnetic fields and inductance.. Inductors and calculus.. Factors affecting inductance.. Series and parallel inductors.. Practical considerations.. Contributors.. 49916 RC AND L/R TIME Electrical transients.. Capacitor transient response.. Inductor transient response.. Voltage and current calculations.. Why L/R and not LR?.. Complex voltage and current calculations.. Complex circuits.. Solving for unknown time.. Contributors.. 524A-1 ABOUT THIS BOOK525A-2 CONTRIBUTOR LIST529A-3 DESIGN SCIENCE LICENSE537 INDEX541 Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS Static electricity.. Conductors, insulators, and electron flow.. Electric circuits.. Voltage and current.. Resistance.. Voltage and current in a practical circuit.. Conventional versus electron flow.. Contributors.. Static electricityIt was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would mysteriously attract oneanother after being rubbed together.

7 For example: after rubbing a piece of silk against a pieceof glass, the silk and glass would tend to stick together. Indeed, there was an attractive forcethat could be demonstrated even when the two materials were separated:12 CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITYG lass rodSilk clothattractionGlass and silk aren t the only materials known to behave likethis. Anyone who has everbrushed up against a latex balloon only to find that it tries tostick to them has experiencedthis same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and wool cloth are anotherpair of materials early exper-imenters recognized as manifesting attractive forces after being rubbed together:attractionWool clothWaxThis phenomenon became even more interesting when it was discovered that identical ma-terials, after having been rubbed with their respective cloths, always repelled each STATIC ELECTRICITY3 Glass rodGlass rodrepulsionWaxrepulsionWaxIt was also noted that when a piece of glass rubbed with silk was exposed to a piece of waxrubbed with wool, the two materials would attract one another:Glass rodWaxattractionFurthermore, it was found that any material demonstrating properties of attraction or re-pulsion after being rubbed could be classed into one of two distinct categories: attracted toglass and repelled by wax, or repelled by glass and attractedto wax.

8 It was either one or theother: there were no materials found that would be attractedto or repelled by both glass andwax, or that reacted to one without reacting to the attention was directed toward the pieces of cloth used todo the rubbing. It wasdiscovered that after rubbing two pieces of glass with two pieces of silk cloth, not only did theglass pieces repel each other, but so did the cloths. The samephenomenon held for the piecesof wool used to rub the wax:4 CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITYSilk clothSilk clothrepulsionrepulsionWool clothWool clothNow, this was really strange to witness. After all, none of these objects were visibly alteredby the rubbing, yet they definitely behaved differently thanbefore they were rubbed. Whateverchange took place to make these materials attract or repel one another was experimenters speculated that invisible fluids werebeing transferred from one ob-ject to another during the process of rubbing, and that these fluids were able to effect aphysical force over a distance.

9 Charles Dufay was one of the early experimenters who demon-strated that there were definitely two different types of changes wrought by rubbing certainpairs of objects together. The fact that there was more than one type of change manifested inthese materials was evident by the fact that there were two types of forces produced:attractionandrepulsion. The hypothetical fluid transfer became known as pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin, came to the conclusion that there was onlyone fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, and that the two different charges were nothingmore than either an excess or a deficiency of that one fluid. After experimenting with wax andwool, Franklin suggested that the coarse wool removed some of this invisible fluid from thesmooth wax, causing an excess of fluid on the wool and a deficiency of fluid on the wax. Theresulting disparity in fluid content between the wool and waxwould then cause an attractiveforce, as the fluid tried to regain its former balance betweenthe two the existence of a single fluid that was eithergained or lost through rubbingaccounted best for the observed behavior: that all these materials fell neatly into one of twocategories when rubbed, and most importantly, that the two active materials rubbed againsteach otheralways fell into opposing categoriesas evidenced by their invariable attraction toone another.

10 In other words, there was never a time where two materials rubbed against eachotherbothbecame either positive or STATIC ELECTRICITY5 Following Franklin s speculation of the wool rubbing something off of the wax, the typeof charge that was associated with rubbed wax became known as negative (because it wassupposed to have a deficiency of fluid) while the type of chargeassociated with the rubbingwool became known as positive (because it was supposed to have an excess of fluid). Littledid he know that his innocent conjecture would cause much confusion for students of electricityin the future!Precise measurements of electrical charge were carried outby the French physicist CharlesCoulomb in the 1780 s using a device called atorsional balancemeasuring the force generatedbetween two electrically charged objects. The results of Coulomb s work led to the developmentof a unit of electrical charge named in his honor, thecoulomb. If two point objects (hypotheti-cal objects having no appreciable surface area) were equally charged to a measure of 1 coulomb,and placed 1 meter (approximately 1 yard) apart, they would generate a force of about 9 billionnewtons (approximately 2 billion pounds), either attracting or repelling depending on the typesof charges involved.


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