*FM 34-2-1 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS NO 34-2-1

1 *FM 34-2-1 . FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS . NO 34-2-1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. Washington, DC, 19 June 1991. i FM 34-2-1 . ii FM 34-2-1 . iii FM 34-2-1 . Preface This FIELD MANUAL provides collection managers; and other t a c t i c s , techniques, and personnel involved in planning procedures (TTP) for and conducting R&S and reconnaissance and surveillance developing intelligence to (R&S) planning, mission support CR operations. I t i s management, and reporting. intended for use by both active It provides TTP for the and Reserve Components (RC) and development of intelligence to US Army Training and Doctrine support counterreconnaissance Command (TRADOC) schools.

2 (CR) operations. It describes employment considerations for The doctrine in this R and defines the publication conforms with and roles of the collection manager supports the principles and maneuver brigade and contained in fm 34 -1. battalion S2's in planning R&S operations. I t d e s c r i b e s Unless this publication their roles in identifying states otherwise, masculine intelligence requirements to nouns and pronouns do not refer support CR operations. exclusively to men. This MANUAL addresses The proponent of this TTP for planning and publication is the United conducting R&S and developing States Army Intelligence intelligence to support CR Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ.

3 Operations at maneuver brigade Send comments and and below. It can also apply recommendations on DA Form 2028. to armored cavalry regiment (Recommended Changes to (ACR) and separate brigades. Publications and Blank Forms). directly to Commander, US Army This MANUAL is intended Intelligence Center and School, for maneuver commanders and ATTN : ATSI-TDL-D, Fort their staffs (especially S2s); Huachuca, AZ 85613-7000. intelligence staffs and iv FM 34-2-1 . CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. Throughout history, study, "Applying the National military leaders have Training Center Experience: recognized the importance of Tactical Reconnaissance.. R&S. Gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy is The message is clear: essential to win the battle.

4 Success on the battlefield Our own military history begins with R&S and R&S begins contains many examples where with the intelligence officer. our knowledge of the enemy, As the S2, you play a big role or lack of knowledge, directly in the success or failure of led to victory or defeat. your unit. But if being able to find the enemy is critical The role of R&S has not to the attack, what role does changed on the modern the S2 play in the defense? battlefield; if anything, it has become even more Figure 1-2 shows the attack important. Battles at the outcome according to reconnais- combat training centers prove sance status (Opposing Force that a good R&S effort is [OPFOR]).

5 This is another critical to successful chart from the same Rand study. a t t a c k s . On the other hand, It clearly shows: If you blind a poor R&S effort almost the enemy, they will most guarantees defeat for the likely fail in the attack. commander. Figure 1-1 shows Therefore, a successful defense attack outcome according to depends on finding, targeting, reconnaissance status (Blue destroying, or suppressing Force [BLUFOR]). This chart enemy reconnaissance assets was developed by the Rand before they can report your Corporation in its October 1987 unit's defensive positions. 1-1. FM 34-2-1 . This implies an aggressive giving you and your commander CR effort that seeks out enemy the best chance for victory in reconnaissance units rather battle.

6 Than passively screening. It also implies the coordination The intent is for you to and active participation among use this MANUAL in the FIELD as the S2, S3, fire support a g u i d e . This MANUAL is also officer (FSO), and the designed to show commanders and intelligence and electronic S3s the R&S planning process. warfare support element This MANUAL is arranged (IEWSE). sequentially to reflect the order of the R&S and collection This MANUAL describes the management processes. I t w i l l TTP you can use to develop and help you understand R&S a step execute successful R&S plans. at a time. FIELD MANUAL 34-2 and fm 34 -80. contain additional information The better prepared you on collection management and are as an S2, the better your R&S.

7 R&S plan will be. Therefore, you should have a solid This is a "how to" MANUAL . appreciation for intelligence It describes how to-- preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and its contribution to o Plan R&S operations. developing an R&S plan. (See fm 34 -130, Intelligence o Task R&S assets. Preparation of the Battlefield, for a complete discussion of o Graphically depict R&S IPB.) You need to know what operations. assets are available to you, as well as the capabilities o Execute R&S operations. and limitations of those a s s e t s . This supports o Save time in the planning planning and executing R&S. process. operations. o Plan for intelligence Once you formulate your support to CR missions.

8 Plan, you must know how to task appropriate assets. One o Plan for division level way to disseminate the R&S. a s s e t s , such as signals plan or taskings is to develop intelligence (SIGINT) an R&S overlay. fm 34 -80, collectors. Appendix E, describes the preparation of the R&S. This MANUAL will show you overlay. As you execute the how to succeed in your plan, you should know how to reconnaissance and CR effort, monitor the R&S effort and 1-2. FM 34-2-1 . modify the plan accordingly. requirements (PIR) or To reinforce the steps in the information requirements (IR). R&S process, this MANUAL includes examples at brigade PIR and IR are either and battalion levels of how to stated by the commander or plan, prepare, execute, and recommended by you and approved monitor the R&S effort.

9 By the commander. They are the very reason R&S plans (and all COLLECTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS c o l l e c t i o n p l a n s ) e x i s t . You may also have requirements from To successfully plan and higher or subordinate units;. execute the R&S effort, you these you will prioritize and should understand the five consolidate with the phases of the collection commander's PIR. Once you have management process, and the identified all requirements, relationship of R&S to you will eventually convert collection management. them into specific items to Regardless of the echelon, you look for. will go through the following five steps or phases to develop DETERMINE RESOURCE.

10 A collection plan and, AVAILABILITY AND CAPABILITY. ultimately, an R&S plan: In simplest terms, o Receive and analyze determining resource requirements. availability and capability means assessing what means you o Determine resource have to look for the specific availability and capability. items you have developed in the first step. o Task resources. TASK RESOURCES. o Evaluate reporting. When tasking resources, you o Update collection must tell a specific resource planning. what it should look for, and how it is to report RECEIVE AND ANALYZE information. REQUIREMENTS. At division and higher, Receiving and analyzing several elements accomplish requirements means identifying these five steps.