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FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM - IWI Associates

FOOTBALL FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISMHOOLIGANISMN ature & ExtentCauses & ControlDr Steve FrosdickNature: Three Popular FallaciesNature: Three Popular Fallacies Spectator violence is NOT new It is NOT just a FOOTBALL problem It is NOT just The English Disease But .. since the 1960s FOOTBALL related English at home and abroad Current concern current examplesNature: Range of BehavioursNature: Range of Behaviours Problems of definition MANY VARIABLES Criminal offence categories? Extent of criminalisation? Location? Timing? Extent of organisation? Arrests, injuries or damage?

FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM Nature & Extent Causes & Control Dr Steve Frosdick Nature: Three Popular Fallacies •Spectator violence is NOT new •It is NOT just a …

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Transcription of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM - IWI Associates

1 FOOTBALL FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISMHOOLIGANISMN ature & ExtentCauses & ControlDr Steve FrosdickNature: Three Popular FallaciesNature: Three Popular Fallacies Spectator violence is NOT new It is NOT just a FOOTBALL problem It is NOT just The English Disease But .. since the 1960s FOOTBALL related English at home and abroad Current concern current examplesNature: Range of BehavioursNature: Range of Behaviours Problems of definition MANY VARIABLES Criminal offence categories? Extent of criminalisation? Location? Timing? Extent of organisation? Arrests, injuries or damage?

2 League/Division? Complex and Many Sided Complex and Many Sided Dunning, E. (2000) Towards a Sociological Understanding of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM as a World Phenomenon , European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8(2): : Data SourcesExtent: Data Sources Scottish Education Department 1977 Trivizas 1980 NCIS Statistics to 2000/01 Home Office Statistics from 2001/02 Home Office Statistical Highlights NCIS FOOTBALL Disorder Logs BTP Serious Disorder List 2003/04 BBC Hooligans Investigation 2001 FSOA Post Match Reports DatabaseData Sources: CritiqueData Sources.

3 Critique Troublesome statistics Attrition rate What gets counted Interpretation A declining problem? Academic commentators Fans surveys A changing problem Displacement RedefinitionExtent: Student ResearchExtent: Student Research Robert Newton MSc Dissertation One match in 20 Arrest rate 50-64% away from ground 43-50% after the match Less in Premiership 19% not linked to matches Disorder, but few injuriesSubsequently PublishedSubsequently Published Frosdick, S. and Newton, R. (2006) The Nature and Extent of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM in England and Wales Soccer and Society.

4 Vol. 7 No. 4, December 2006, pp. 403-422 Who Are The Hooligans?Who Are The Hooligans? Most of the evidence on hooligan offenders suggests they are generally in their late teens or early 20s (though some leaders are older), that they are mainly in manual or lower clerical occupations or, to a lesser extent, are unemployed of working in the grey economy, and that they come from mainly working class backgrounds. (SNCCFR 2001, p. 5)Getting Older?Getting Older? Chris Conrad MSc Dissertation Can a Profile of a FOOTBALL Hooligan be Achieved? Data Sources 2004/05 160 hooligan subjects Persons Arrested at Matches 40 most active hooligans Causes: PopulistCauses: Populist All FOOTBALL fans are animals Alcohol?

5 Sophisticated organised gangs?Theoretical PerspectivesTheoretical Perspectives Over-researched Vitriolic debate Silly writing Commonalities?Causes: Taylor and ClarkeCauses: Taylor and Clarke Marxist sociological perspective Taylor, I. (1971) FOOTBALL Mad: A Speculative Sociology of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM , in Dunning, E. (ed.) The Sociology of Sport: A Collection of Readings, Cass. Sub-cultural perspective Clarke, J. (1978) FOOTBALL and Working-Class Fans: Tradition and Change , in Ingham, R. (ed.) FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM : The Wider Context, Inter-Action : Marsh & ArmstrongCauses: Marsh & Armstrong Social psychological perspective Marsh, P.

6 , Rosser, E. and Harre, R. (1978) The Rules of Disorder, Routledge and Kegan Paul. Social anthropological perspective Armstrong, G. (1988) FOOTBALL Hooligans: Knowing the Score, : The Leicester SchoolCauses: The Leicester School Social historical perspective Dunning, E., Murphy, P. and Williams, J. (1988) The Roots of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM , Routledge. Williams, J., Dunning, E. and Murphy, P. (1984) Hooligans Abroad, Routledge. Murphy, P., Williams, J. and Dunning, E. (1990) FOOTBALL on Trial, : Kerr and BufordCauses: Kerr and Buford Psychological perspective Kerr, J.

7 (1994) Understanding Soccer HOOLIGANISM , Open University Press. Populist biological perspective Buford, B. (1992) Among the Thugs, : AmplificationCauses: Amplification Media amplification Moral panic Self fulfilling prophesy Academic amplification!Causes: SummaryCauses: Summary Who are they? white males late teens to early 20s? getting older? unemployed or grey economy working class backgrounds Why do they do it? post-modern masculinity lager louts search for peak/flow experiences fun It is important to stress that it is unlikely that the phenomenon of FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM will be found always and everywhere to stem from identical social roots.

8 As a basis for further, cross-national research, it is reasonable to hypothesise that that problem is fuelled and contoured by, among other things, what one might call the major fault lines of particular countries. (Dunning 2000, p. 141) Fault Fault--Lines HypothesisLines HypothesisUK FaultUK Fault--Line Hypothesis ?Line Hypothesis ? English FOOTBALL disorder cannot be removed from its wider social context. In many ways it is a manifestation of a wider social problem of alienated young males demonstrating their frustration in an anti-social and violent way.

9 It occurs in high streets up and down the country every weekend. Mediterranean holiday resorts are equally at risk. (Home Office 2001, p. 15)Control: ContainmentControl: Containment Herding and caging Segregation Indiscriminate policingUK Policing StyleUK Policing Style Police officers Stewards Planned, reactive & assertive Policing versus stewarding Product of experiencePolice (Over)ReactionPolice (Over)Reaction If there is a problem, we will deal with it, We will get our truncheons out and hit everyone over the head, or We will throw a tear gas grenade into the bar and arrest everyone who staggers outsideLegal ProvisionsLegal Provisions Control of alcohol possession.

10 Sales and drunkenness FOOTBALL offences throwing things indecent/racist chanting pitch incursion Banning orders & travel restrictions Home Office Circular 34/2000 New & Refurbished GroundsNew & Refurbished Grounds The nadir of Hillsborough All seating Improved facilities From public order to public safetyTechnologyTechnology CCTV Hand-held cameras Ticketing Access controlIntelligenceIntelligence--Led PolicingLed Policing Undercover operations NCIS FOOTBALL Unit FOOTBALL Intelligence Officers Police Spotters Match Categorisation Post-match investigations Police and club protocols ACPO Manual of GuidanceGovernment ReportsGovernment Reports Early responses Chester 1968, Harrington 1968, Lang 1969 Disorder in Scotland McElhorne 1977 Disorder abroad DoE 1984 Bradford and Heysel Popplewell 1985/86 Hillsborough Taylor 1989/90 Home Affairs Committee 1991 Home Office consultation document 1998 Bassam 2001 Friendly Policing Friendly Policing Origins in Euro 2000 Holland Approach encouraged by Bassam Used to soften Japan/Korea 2002 Euro 2004 in Portugal Stott, C.


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