for Air-Conditioning Applications

1 cooling Technology I ofofWater-Cooled SystemsWater-Cooled SystemsvsvsAir-Cooled SystemsAir-Cooled SystemsforforAir- conditioning ApplicationsAir- conditioning ApplicationsWritten by: Michael Technology I Government commitment Government commitment toreduce greenhouse gas emissionsreduce greenhouse gas emissionscan have a significant impact oncan have a significant impact onHVAC system considerationsHVAC system considerationsCooling Technology I Conference onKyoto Conference on Global Warming Global Warming International effort to control greenhouseInternational effort to control greenhousegas emissionsgas emissions Greenhouse gasses include:Greenhouse gasses include: Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22)) Methane (CHMethane (CH44)) Nitrous Acid (NNitrous Acid (N22O)O) Hydrofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons ((HFC sHFC s)) PerfluorocarbonsPerfluorocarbons ( (PFC sPFC s)) Sulfur Sulfur Hexafluorides Hexafluorides (SF(SF44)) cooling Technology I Commitment to Commitment to KyotoConferenceConference Kyoto Protocol signed by ex-President BillKyoto Protocol signed by ex-President BillClinton in October, 1997 Clinton in October, 1997 Commits to reduce greenhouse gasCommits to reduce greenhouse gasemissions to 7% below 1990 levels by 2012emissions to 7% below 1990 levels by 2012 Ratification by Senate pendingRatification by Senate pendingCooling Technology I Greenhouse GasTotal Greenhouse GasEmissions by GasEmissions by GasCooling Technology I Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse Gas EmissionsCarbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))

2 Emissions account for) emissions account for85% of greenhouse gas emissions85% of greenhouse gas emissionsCooling Technology I COMajor CO22 Emission Sources Emission Sources Transportation IndustryTransportation Industry Heavy IndustryHeavy Industry Utility IndustryUtility IndustryCooling Technology I COMajor CO22 Emission Sources Emission Sources Utility Industry Utility Industry Fossil Fuel Burning Power PlantsFossil Fuel Burning Power Plants Produce 55% of electricityProduce 55% of electricity Accounts for 68% of the COAccounts for 68% of the CO22 emission emissionreductions required for Protocol compliancereductions required for Protocol compliance Addition of exhaust gas scrubbers notAddition of exhaust gas scrubbers noteconomically viable for most plantseconomically viable for most plants Only 16% (193 of 1,207) of Power Plants haveOnly 16% (193 of 1,207) of Power Plants haveexhaust gas scrubbersexhaust gas scrubbersCooling Technology I Government Plan to Government Plan to reduceCOCO22 Emissions from Power Plants Emissions from Power Plants Convert to less carbon intensive fuels orConvert to less carbon intensive fuels ornon-carbon fuelsnon-carbon fuels Taxation of carbon fuelsTaxation of carbon fuels Regulation of emissions for new plantsRegulation of emissions for new plants Reduce energy demandReduce energy demand New energy-saving technologiesNew energy-saving technologies Improve efficiency of equipment andImprove efficiency of equipment andsystemssystemsCooling Technology I Fuel Burning Power PlantsFossil Fuel Burning Power Plants Air-Conditioning systems drive many powerAir- conditioning systems drive many powerplant peak loads and have been identified asplant peak loads and have been identified asenergy reduction opportunityenergy

3 Reduction opportunityCooling Technology I Actions Impacting Actions Impacting HVAC Systems and Equipment Systems and Equipment EPA ENERGY STAR ProgramEPA ENERGY STAR Program Actively promotes participation in economicallyActively promotes participation in economicallyjustified energy saving projectsjustified energy saving projects Energy Policy Act of 1992 Energy Policy Act of 1992 ASHRAE Standard as basis for energyASHRAE Standard as basis for energyefficiency for commercial for commercial buildings. ASHRAE revised in June,1999 ASHRAE revised in June,1999 submitted to for acceptancesubmitted to for acceptance Recently adopted for ICC energy codeRecently adopted for ICC energy codeEnergy Saving System Designs ..Energy Saving System Designs ..our ..ourEnvironmental ResponsibilityEnvironmental ResponsibilityCooling Technology I air conditioning SystemsBasic air conditioning Systems Large Buildings ( >400 tons)Large Buildings ( >400 tons) Water cooled systems provide clear-cutWater cooled systems provide clear-cuteconomic and environmental and environmental justification.

4 Mid-size Buildings (200 - 400 tons)Mid-size Buildings (200 - 400 tons) Air cooled systems may offer first costAir cooled systems may offer first costincentive to sacrifice energy efficiencies ofincentive to sacrifice energy efficiencies ofwater cooled cooled Technology I Theoretical Building Profile Theoretical Building Profile Building loadBuilding load 400 tons400 tons Building configurationBuilding configuration square w/ five (5) floorssquare w/ five (5) floors one (1) air handling fan / floorone (1) air handling fan / floor Air VolumeAir Volume 350 CFM/ton350 CFM/ton 3-1/2 Technology I Ton System Comparisons400 Ton System Comparisons Chiller systems:Chiller systems: Air-Cooled ChillerAir-Cooled Chiller Centrifugal ChillerCentrifugal Chiller Packaged systems:Packaged systems: Roof -Top UnitsRoof -Top Units Self-Contained UnitsSelf-Contained UnitsCooling Technology I System Energy Requirements System Energy Requirements 400 Ton Air-Cooled Chiller System400 Ton Air-Cooled Chiller System KW /UnitKW /Unit Total KW Total KWCompressorCompressor fans Condenser fans handling units handling units HChilled H220 pump 0 pump KWTotal KW KW/ton= = KW/ton= = Technology I System Energy Requirements System Energy Requirements 400 Ton Centrifugal Chiller System400 Ton Centrifugal Chiller System KW /Unit KW /Unit Total KW Total KWCompressorCompressor

5 Handling unitsAir handling HChilled H220 pump pump HCondenser H220 pump pump tower fan cooling tower fan KWTotal KW KW/ton= = KW/ton= = Technology I 400 Ton SystemTheoretical 400 Ton SystemComparisonsComparisons Chiller systemsChiller systems Air-cooled chiller system .. Air-cooled chiller system .. Centrifugal chiller system .. Centrifugal chiller system .. Technology I System Energy Requirements System Energy Requirements 400 Ton Roof-Top System: (5)80 Ton Units400 Ton Roof-Top System: (5)80 Ton Units KW /Unit KW /Unit Total KW Total KWCompressorCompressor handling fan handling fan fanCondenser fan KW Total KW KW/ton= = KW/ton= = Technology I System Energy Requirements System Energy Requirements 400 Ton Self-Contained System: (5)80 Ton400 Ton Self-Contained System.

6 (5)80 TonUnitsUnits KW /Unit KW /Unit Total KW Total KWCompressorCompressor handling fan handling fan HCondenser H22O pump pump tower fanCooling tower fan KWTotal KW KW/ton= = KW/ton= = Technology I System Energy Comparison System Energy Comparison Chiller systemsChiller systems Air-cooled chiller system .. Air-cooled chiller system .. Centrifugal chiller system .. Centrifugal chiller system .. Packaged systemsPackaged systems Roof-top units .. Roof-top units .. Self-contained units ..Self-contained units .. Technology I HVAC System OptionsBasic HVAC System Options Water-cooled systemsWater-cooled systems More energy-efficient than air-cooled systemsMore energy-efficient than air-cooled systems Support environmental efforts to controlSupport environmental efforts to controlgreenhouse gas emissionsgreenhouse gas emissionsCooling Technology I ConferenceKyoto ConferenceIf we do it right, protecting the climate willIf we do it right, protecting the climate willyield not costs, but profits; not burdens, butyield not costs, but profits; not burdens, butbenefits; not sacrifice, but a higherbenefits; not sacrifice, but a higherstandard of livingstandard of livingPresident Bill ClintonPresident Bill ClintonCooling Technology I Cost Estimate SourcesInstalled Cost Estimate Sources Air Cooled Chiller.

7 $350/Air Cooled Chiller .. $350/TrTr x x Centrifugal Chiller .. $250/Centrifugal Chiller .. $250/Tr Tr x Roof Top Units ..$550/Roof Top Units ..$550/TrTr x x Self Contained Units .. $400/Self Contained Units .. $400/Tr Tr x Air Handling Units .. $ x Handling Units .. $ x cooling Towers ..$45/ cooling Towers ..$45/TrTr x x Pump/Piping .. Means Mech.. Means Mech. Technology I Cost EstimateInstalled Cost Estimate Air Cooled Chiller System Air Cooled Chiller System 400 ton air cooled chiller .. $210,000400 ton air cooled chiller .. $210,000 (5) 28,000 CFM air handlers .. $175,000(5) 28,000 CFM air handlers .. $175,000 1,000 LF chilled water piping .. $ 67,0001,000 LF chilled water piping .. $ 67,000 Chilled water pump .. $ 3,600 Chilled water pump .. $ 3,600 Total installed cost .. Total installed cost .. $455,600$455,600 cooling Technology I Cost EstimateInstalled Cost EstimateCentrifugal Chiller SystemCentrifugal Chiller System 400 ton centrifugal chiller.

8 $150,000400 ton centrifugal chiller ..$150,000 400 ton cooling tower .. $ 27,000400 ton cooling tower .. $ 27,000 (5) 28,000 CFM air handlers .. $175,000(5) 28,000 CFM air handlers .. $175,000 1,000 LF chilled water piping .. $ 67,0001,000 LF chilled water piping .. $ 67,000 400 LF condenser water piping ..$ 26,800400 LF condenser water piping ..$ 26,800 Chilled water pump .. $ 3,600 Chilled water pump .. $ 3,600 Condenser water pump ..$ 4,000 Condenser water pump ..$ 4,000 Mechanical equipment room .. $ 45,000 Mechanical equipment room .. $ 45,000 Total installed cost .. Total installed cost .. $498,400$498,400 cooling Technology I Cost EstimateInstalled Cost EstimateRoof-Top Unit SystemRoof-Top Unit System (5) 80 ton roof top units ..(5) 80 ton roof top units .. Installed cost .. Installed cost .. $275,000$275,000 cooling Technology I Cost EstimateInstalled Cost EstimateSelf-Contained Unit SystemSelf-Contained Unit System (5) 80 ton self-contained units.

9 $240,000(5) 80 ton self-contained units .. $240,000 Closed circuit cooling tower .. $ 54,000 Closed circuit cooling tower .. $ 54,000 Condenser water pump .. $ 4,000 Condenser water pump .. $ 4,000 Condenser water piping ..Condenser water piping .. $ 26,800 $ 26,800 Installed cost .. Installed cost .. $324,800$324,800 cooling Technology I Installed Cost Summary Installed Cost Summary InstalledInstalled CostCost Chiller systemsChiller systems Air-Cooled Chiller Air-Cooled Chiller $455,600$455,600 Centrifugal Chiller Centrifugal Chiller $498,400$498,400 Packaged systemsPackaged systemsRoof-Top Roof-Top $275,000$275,000 Self-ContainedSelf-Contained $324,800$324,800 cooling Technology I Energy Cost AssumptionsSystem Energy Cost Assumptions 1800 Equivalent Full Load Hours per Year1800 Equivalent Full Load Hours per Year $ per KW-Hour$ per KW-Hour $12 per KW Demand Charge for 6 Months$12 per KW Demand Charge for 6 MonthsCooling Technology I Annual Energy Cost Comparison Annual Energy Cost Comparison Total Energy DemandTotal Energy Demand TotalTotal KWKW CostCost CostCost CostCostChiller systemsChiller systemsAir-cooled chiller $ 64,289 $42,860 Air-cooled chiller $ 64,289 $42,860 $107,149$107,149 Centrifugal chiller $ 40,674 $27,116 Centrifugal chiller $ 40,674 $27,116 $ 67,790$ 67.

10 790 Packaged systemsPackaged systemsRoof-top $ 61,069 $40,712 Roof-top $ 61,069 $40,712 $101,781$101,781 Self-contained $ 49,398 $32,932 Self-contained $ 49,398 $32,932 $ 82,330$ 82,330 cooling Technology I System Cost Summary System Cost Summary InstalledInstalled Energy Energy CostCost CostCostChiller systemsChiller systemsAir-cooled chiller $455,600 Air-cooled chiller $455,600$107,149$107,149 Centrifugal chiller $498,400 Centrifugal chiller $498,400 $ 67,790$ 67,790 Packaged systemsPackaged systemsRoof-top $275,000 Roof-top $275,000$101,781$101,781 Self-containedSelf-contained $324,800 $324,800$ 82,330$ 82,330 cooling Technology I UsageWater Usage Water cooled systems recycle 95% of theWater cooled systems recycle 95%