for the composites industry - eastman.com

1 Eastman products for the composites industryIntroductionEastman Chemical Company has a long history of commitment to the composites industry starting back in the 1940s with the introduction of hydroquinone inhibitors. This commitment accelerated through the 1960s with the introduction of Eastman NPG glycol, Eastman copromoters, and other Eastman glycols. The industry embraced these products based on their value and Eastman s long-standing tradition of being a reliable supplier of industrial chemicals to many markets across the globe. Today, Eastman s product offering consists of these same workhorse molecules, along with others, such as Eastman isophthalic acid and Eastman 1,4-CHDM.

2 This brochure will highlight the many products Eastman offers to the composites industry with focus on select products that provide unique and derivatives1970sDMAA2000sTPA1950sEastman NPG glycol1980sAAEM1960sEastman TMPD glycol EAA AAA 1,4-CHDM MAA DMCD1990sPIA 1,4-CHDA21st CenturyFocus product Eastman TMPD glycol is used in applications requiring a high level of corrosion resistance. The sterically shielded secondary hydroxyl of TMPD imparts exceptional stain and chemical resistance to the cured polymer matrix. This allows use in aggressive chemical environments. Additionally, the bulky, asymmetrical structure of TMPD provides for excellent resin solubility in styrene and overall lower solution end result is resin systems capable of achieving application viscosity using less styrene, an important consideration in today s regulatory environment.

3 The table on the right compares various properties of a resin based on TMPD with those of a typical PG-based resin, with targeted use in corrosion resistant NPG glycolEastman TMPD glycolEastman 1,4-CHDME astman HPHPE xcellent weatherability Low color Thermal stability Stain resistance Corrosion/chemical resistance Low resin density/solution viscosity Processability Flexibility/toughness Osmotic blister resistance GlycolsPropertyPG\PIA\FATMPD\PG\PIA\FA1 Number average MW25542835 Weight average MW10,1258,039 Resin Tg, C5044 Solution clarity2 HazyClearBrookfield viscosity, cP540228 Density, , APHA402255 Flexural strength, psi311,00010,000 Barcol, 2 hrs90871 Eastman TMPD glycol/PG molar ratio 75:25.

4 FA = fumaric acid2 Solutions consisted of 55 wt % resin:45 wt % styrene3 Determined via ASTM C581 on 1/8 unreinforced castingsFocus product Eastman 1,4-CHDA is used in premium gel coat systems that utilize a vinyl ester barrier coat between the gel coat and laminating resin to give superior osmotic blister resistance. CHDA provides gel coats with exceptional performance such as high initial gloss, retained gloss upon weathering, and superior anti-yellowing resistance. The aliphatic cyclohexane ring structure is UV transparent. Mechanical properties also improve versus traditional gel coat technologies. Specifically, the cyclohexane ring imparts a good balance of hardness and flexibility, providing better percent elongation without sacrificing flexural strength and heat deflection temperature.

5 Resin solution viscosity in styrene is another important factor CHDA enhances. Gel coats prepared from CHDA exhibit lower solution viscosity, thus less styrene, an important factor in today s regulatory environment. Eastman isophthalic acidEastman terephthalic acidEastman 1,4-CHDAE astman DMCDE xcellent weatherability Low color Thermal stability Stain resistance Corrosion/chemical resistance Low resin density/solution viscosity Enhanced gloss retention Processability Flexibility/toughness/elongation Osmotic blister resistance Hardness Diacids and diestersFocus product Eastman MTBHQ has been used in the composites industry for decades. The bulky tert-butyl group on the aromatic ring plays a significant role in the performance of MTBHQ as an industrial inhibitor.

6 MTBHQ has the greatest solubility of the hydroquinone derivatives offered by Eastman. The table on the right highlights the solubility of MTBHQ in various solvents compared with other hydroquinone derivatives. Along with solubility, color is also good, making it suitable for use in applications that are sensitive to color effects. MTBHQ is also very useful for those resin systems requiring stabilization during synthesis. Resins designed for high crosslink density that contain high levels of maleic anhydride during synthesis benefit from the good thermal stability. MTBHQ can be used as an effective storage stability inhibitor. Being a secondary inhibitor, MTBHQ has less effect on cure and can be used at higher levels than a primary inhibitor.

7 Eastman HQEastman THQE astman MTBHQE astman DTBHQO verall effectiveness/primary inhibitor Low color Solubility Storage stability Cook stabilization/thermal stability Minimal effect on cure InhibitorsEastman HQEastman THQE astman MTBHQE astman DTBHQE astman AAEM615326 Eastman EP solvent27344730 Ethyl acetate18505031 Acetone17556625 Ethyl alcohol, 95%3444>6021 Propylene glycol23264110 Diethylene glycol32344114 Styrene<5<5<5<5p-Methyl styrene<1<1<1<1 Divinyl benzene<1<1<1<12-Hydroxyethylacrylate202 84215 Methyl methacrylate5164119 Tert-butyl styrene<1<1<1<1 Alpha-methyl styrene<1<1<1<1 Vinyl toluene<1<1<1<1 Triethyl phosphate32414110Wt % at 24 C (75 F)0 200 400 600 800 1, time, hDelta b*2% AAEM10% DMAA1% DMAA0 10 2 4 6 8 103,5003,2503,0002,7502,5002,0001,7501,5 00 DMAA conc.

8 , wt %AAEM conc., wt %Brookfield viscosity, cpAAEMDMAAF ocus product Eastman AAEM offers the composites industry a unique combination of attributes that give the product dual functionality. First, Eastman AAEM is an active copromoter by virtue of the acetoacetyl functionality it shares in common with the other diketene derivatives listed above. Secondly, the AAEM molecule contains an active double bond in the form of a methacrylate group. This reactive bond allows Eastman AAEM to participate in free radical polymerizations. This combination of reactivity and copromotion makes AAEM a reactive copromoter. The material polymerizes readily into the polymer backbone. Additionally, the material is a low viscosity liquid, so it can be used to replace a portion of the styrene while still providing copromotion activity.

9 Other benefits include less in-box yellowing in color sensitive applications and lower viscosity versus Eastman DMAA in composite formulations using thixotropic agents such as fumed silica. Better mechanical properties and greater storage stability have also been observed in some resin systems. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate some of the advantages described above. Eastman AAEM Eastman DMAAE astman MAAE astman EAAE astman AAAR eacts into polymer backbone Reduces viscosity Dual purpose Reduces in-box yellowing Most widely used Low color Low toxicity Handling ease (liquid) CopromotersFigure 1. QUVA-340 weathering Delta b* colorFigure 2. Effect of AAEM and DMAA on gel coat viscosityFocus product Eastman TEP is an effective viscosity reduction material for systems filled with aluminum trihydrate (ATH).

10 Additionally, TEP also has been shown to enhance flame resistance of these systems. With the ever increasing scrutiny of other classes of flame retardants, TEP has been used successfully for years in many unsaturated polyester resin applications. SummaryEastman offers a broad variety of products to the composites industry . This brochure was developed to provide a quick snapshot of these products and focus on those that offer unique advantages in today s demanding applications for the final composite part. Eastman s product line ranges from basic building blocks used to synthesize resins for a multitude of composite applications to additives that play crucial roles in the cure and ultimate performance of many resin systems.