Forging the Shield: The U.S. Army in the Cold War, 1951-1962

1 Army in the Cold WarForging the ShieldThe Army in Europe, 1951 1962byDonald A. CarterCenter of Military HistoryUnited States ArmyWashington, , 2015 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCMH Pub 45 3 1 Carter, Donald A., 1955- Forging the shield : the Army in Europe, 1951-1962 / by Donald pages cm. -- (Army historical series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States--Armed Forces--Europe--History--20th century. 2. UnitedStates. Army, Europe and Seventh Army--History--20th century. relations--United States. 4. United States--Militaryrelations--Europe. I. Title. 2015 09045--dc23 2014047210 Cover: (second row, right) A tanker pauses to hand out candy to German children during Operation Sabre Knot. All other cover images are featured within the HISTORICAL SERIESR ichard W.

2 Stewart, General EditorAdvisory Committee(As of November 2014) Dr. Robert M. Citino Mr. Mark F. Averill North Texas University Deputy Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army Dr. Wayne E. Lee Lt. Gen. Kevin W. Mangum University of North Carolina Army Training and Doctrine Command Dr. John A. Nagl Col. David Funk The Haverford School Army War College Brig. Gen. Christopher P. Hughes Brig. Gen. Timothy Trainor Army Command and Military Academy General Staff College Dr. Geoffrey P. Megargee Dr. Richard W. Stewart United States Holocaust Army Center of memorial Museum Military Army Center of Military HistoryRichard W. Stewart, Acting Director Chief Historian Richard W. Stewart Chief, Histories Division David W. Hogan , Historical Products Branch Beth F. MacKenzievContents PageForeword.

3 XiiiThe Author .. xvPreface .. xviiChapter1. Setting the Stage .. 1 Germany in 1 The Emerging Threat and the Move Toward Collective Security .. 4 The European Command in 1950 .. 7 Perceptions of a Rising 122. The New Mission .. 15 Building the Seventh Army .. 15 Growing 23 Reorganization and 30 Identifying the 34 Firepower and Mobility: The Seventh Army s Conventional 40 Early Thoughts on an Atomic 55 Development of the Communications Zone .. 58 Logistical Support for the New Mission .. 68 Berlin, 1951 1952: Standing Fast and Showing the Flag .. 74 The End of the Beginning .. 783. Growing Into the 79 1953: The Cold War Takes a New 79 Keeping a Watchful Eye to the 83 Changes in Command and Combat Readiness.

4 87 The Seventh Army Goes 99 Manning the Force: USAREUR s Personnel Pipeline .. 106 Additions and Subtractions: Organizational Changes in USAREUR and the Seventh 116viChapter Page Hardening the Support 121 Settling in for the Long Haul .. 127 Noncombatant Evacuation Exercises .. 138 A Steadying 1424. Strengthening the Alliance .. 143 Building NATO s Military Capabilities .. 143 Integrating USAREUR into the NATO Command 151 Army Support for Military Assistance Programs in Europe .. 157 The Military Liaison Missions and the USAREUR Soviet Relations Advisory 162 Moving the Alliance Forward .. 1695. Rearming the 171 Working Toward a German Contribution to Western European Defense.

5 171 Designing a Structure for German Integration The European Defense Community .. 176 USAREUR Planning for German Army Assistance .. 182 Final Plans for Training the New German Army .. 185 Building a New German Army .. 189 Completing the German Army Assistance 1936. 1955: A Year of Transition .. 207 The New Look Comes to 207 Striving for Combat 212 Operation Gyroscope .. 222 The End of the Occupation in 230 The Effect of German Sovereignty on Forces in Europe .. 233 Reaching an Uneasy Equilibrium .. 2427. Achieving Atomic 247 The Spirit of Geneva Evaporates .. 247 Eisenhower Versus the Generals: The Army Struggles to Find a Role Within the New Look .. 252 New Leadership in 259 The Effect of Funding Cuts on 262 Training for Atomic Warfare.

6 264 Pentomic 271 Adapting the Logistical Support Structure to Atomic 275 Complications of Alliance Defense Planning .. 284viiChapter Page8. Second 295 The New Look Gets a New Look .. 295 Putting Pentomic to the Test .. 299 Other Training .. 313 Rethinking Concept C and COMZ Realignment .. 319 The Army Southern European Task Force .. 322 Tying Up Loose 325 Managing Dependents .. 331 3339. Approaching 335 Re-evaluating the Enemy .. 335 USAREUR s Role in the American Intervention in Lebanon .. 341 The 1958 Berlin 358 Learning to Live with the Status Quo .. 36810. Getting Along with the Neighbors.

7 369 The Transfer of Military Liaison Functions from the Office of the High Commissioner to the European Command .. 369 Monitoring and Controlling the Message .. 375 Bones of Contention: Major Points of Friction Between German Civilians and the Army .. 378 Learning to Get Along at the Local Level: Orientation and Goodwill Programs .. 382 Maintaining the 386 Fitting in with the 393 Charities and Disaster Relief: Being a Good Neighbor When it Counted .. 396 A Convergence of Cultures Elvis Goes to Europe .. 40011. The Berlin Crisis .. 403 A Bone in the Throat .. 403 Khrushchev Renews His Ultimatum .. 407 The Wall .. 410 Confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie .. 420 Winding down the 42712. From New Look to Flexible 431 Looking Beyond Berlin: The Strategic Environment in 432 Creating a New Division.

8 440 Equipping the Force for Flexible 446 New 449viiiChapter Page 457 Looking Toward the 46313. Conclusion: Defining an 465 Bibliographical 471 Acronyms .. 487 Map 491 Index .. Army Strength in Europe, January 1951 December 1952 .. 242. Seventh Army Logistical Organizational Structure of the European Command as of 31 December 1950 .. 112. Organizational Structure of the United States Army, Europe, 1 August 1952 .. 313. Organizational Structure Seventh Army, 31 January 754. Allied Command Occupied Zones of Germany, August 22. Seventh Army Deployment Zones, West Germany, 223. Army, Europe, Area Commands, 1 December 334.

9 Primary Approaches for Soviet 395. European Command, Bremerhaven Lines of Communication .. 596. Lines of Communication, France, 617. Army, Europe, Family Housing West Germany, 30 June 1308. Army Training Cadres West German Army Troop Training Schools, 1956 .. 1989. Army Tactical and Maintenance Teams, West German Divisions, February June 20410. NATO/USAREUR War Plan, Lech-Weser Line, 1955 .. 23911. Seventh Army Command, West Germany, 28612. Seventh Army Defense Lines, West Germany, 28813. Nike Missile Sites, 30 June 1958 .. 33014. Eastern Mediterranean Area, 344ix Page15. Beirut and Vicinity, Lebanon, 35216. Berlin Crossing Points, 1961 .. 41517. Seventh Army Dispositions in 1962.

10 43718. Allied Forces, Central Europe, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1962 .. 438 IllustrationsGeneral Thomas Handy, September 1949 .. 8Lt. General Manton S. Eddy, August 1712th Infantry, 4th Infantry Division, in Dorningheim, October 19 Company A, 1st Engineer Battalion build a ferry .. 4619th Infantry patrol near Hanau, October 47 Soldiers conceal M26 tank near Hanau, October 1951 .. 47V Corps Artillery Fire Support Control 48 Situation map for Exercise combine, October 50 Armored half track of the aggressor forces during Exercise combine, October 1951 .. 51 Field dental clinic, December 53 Soldiers prepare fried chicken during a field exercise, November 1952 .. 54 Headquarters, 7917th Labor Supervision Detachment, Fontenet tent area, January 1952 .. 62571st Ordnance Ammunition Command, Captieux, France.