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Forty years of community-based forestry

Since the 1970s and 1980s, community - based forestry has grown in popularity, based on the concept that local communities, when granted suf cient property rights over local forest commons, can organize autonomously and develop local institutions to regulate the use of natural resources and manage them sustainably. Over time, various forms of community - based forestry have evolved in different countries, but all have at their heart the notion of some level of participation by smallholders and community groups in planning and implementation. This publication is FAO s rst comprehensive look at the impact of community - based forestry since previous reviews in 1991 and 2001.

Forty years of community-based forestry A review of its extent and effectiveness Don Gilmour FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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Transcription of Forty years of community-based forestry

1 Since the 1970s and 1980s, community - based forestry has grown in popularity, based on the concept that local communities, when granted suf cient property rights over local forest commons, can organize autonomously and develop local institutions to regulate the use of natural resources and manage them sustainably. Over time, various forms of community - based forestry have evolved in different countries, but all have at their heart the notion of some level of participation by smallholders and community groups in planning and implementation. This publication is FAO s rst comprehensive look at the impact of community - based forestry since previous reviews in 1991 and 2001.

2 It considers both collaborative regimes ( forestry practised on land with formal communal tenure requiring collective action) and smallholder forestry (on land that is generally privately owned). The publication examines the extent of community - based forestry globally and regionally and assesses its effectiveness in delivering on key biophysical and socioeconomic outcomes, moving towards sustainable forest management and improving local livelihoods. The report is targeted at policy-makers, practitioners, researchers, communities and civil forestry PAPER176 Forty years of community - based forestryA review of its extent and effectivenessForty years of community - based forestryA review of its extent and effectivenessForty years of community - based forestryA review of its extent and effectiveness ISSN 0258-6150176 FAOFORESTRYPAPER176 FAO Forty years of community - based forestry A review of its extent and effectivenessI5415E/1 978-92-5-109095-49789251 090954 ISSN 0258-6150 Cover photo.

3 Forest User Group members participate in a thinning exercise in their larch forest, Mongolia ( Damdinsuren Enkhsaikhan) 1 15/02/2016 14:09 Forty years of community - based forestryA review of its extent and effectivenessDon GilmourFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2016 FAOFORESTRYPAPER176 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

4 The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 978-92-5-109095-4 FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is not implied in any requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via or addressed to information products are available on the FAO website ( )

5 And can be purchased through viiAcknowledgements viiiAcronyms ixExecutive summary x1. Introduction 1 What is community - based forestry ? 1 Rationale, purpose and scope of the publication 22. Historical overview of the emergence and evolution of CBF 5 Why CBF became popular 6 Institutional response 7 Evolution of CBF in brief 83.

6 Types of CBF 13 Categorizing CBF regimes 13A word on informal CBF regimes 16 CBF objectives 174. Extent of CBF 21 Extent of CBF by region 21 Global extent of CBF 33 Summary 355. Current trends in CBF 37 Institutionalization of CBF into national development programmes in developing countries 37 Emergence of civil society organizations to represent CBF interests 38 Restitution and privatization of forest land 41 Expansion of smallholder forestry , particularly in Asia 43 Commercialization of CBF products 45 Connections between smallholders/communities and private companies 516.

7 Effectiveness of CBF 55 Changes in natural capital 56 Changes in social and human capital 59 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 978-92-5-109095-4 FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.

8 Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is not implied in any requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via or addressed to information products are available on the FAO website ( ) and can be purchased through in financial capital 62 Equity and poverty alleviation 64 Ability of CBF to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to shocks 68 Overall, has CBF been effective?

9 70 Summary 737. Lessons learned from analysis of CBF experiences 77 Some recent analyses 77 Requirements for effective CBF 79 Considerations for implementation of CBF 898. CBF in the international arena 93 Incorporation of CBF into international frameworks 93 Implications of contemporary global policy initiatives for CBF 93 Large-scale land acquisitions in the global South 103 Major CBF initiatives and opportunities for regional cooperation 1049. Issues for the future 107 Application of existing knowledge to improve CBF outcomes 107 Recognition of tenure rights of local and indigenous communities 107 Commercialization of CBF goods and services 108 Recognition of CBF limitations 108 Data on extent and effectiveness of CBF regimes 108 Research 10910.

10 Conclusions 111 References 113 Appendixes 131 Appendix 1. Ten key publications on CBF 133 Appendix 2. Spectrum of generic types of CBF based on level of rights, responsibilities and empowerment 134 Appendix 3. Factors that contribute to success of CBF regimes and policy guidance for their successful adoption 137 Appendix 4. Research issues and questions emerging from the CBF review 139vTables1 Key global forest-related developments that have influenced the evolution of CBF 62 CBF objectives reported by numerous reviewers 183 Extent of CBF in Africa 224 Extent of CBF in Asia and the Pacific 265 Extent of CBF in Latin America 296 Estimates of area of forest owned by, or with management rights held by.


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