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FOUNDATION Of Sociological Theories

FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 School of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALBASOCIOLOGYIII SemesterCORE COURSEFOUNDATION OF Sociological THEORIESP repared by:Module I & Professor,Department ofSociology,Zamorians Guruvayoorappan College, III & ,Associate Professor,Department of Sociology,Vimala College, , Manasam ,Harithapuram,Chevayoor, & SettingsComputer Section, SDE ReservedSchool of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage3 CONTENTSMODULEIFORMATION OF Sociological THOUGHT05-14 MODULEIIFOUNDERS OF SOCIOLOGICALTHOUGHT15-25 MODULEIIIEMILE DURKHEIM (1858 1917)26-30 MODULEIVMAX WEBER (1864-1920)31-37 School of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage4 Sc

FOUNDATION Of Sociological Theories BA SOCIOLOGY 2011 Admission onwards III Semester CORE COURSE UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY.P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA – 673 635

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1 FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 FOUNDATION OfSociological TheoriesBA SOCIOLOGY2011 Admission onwardsIII SemesterCORE COURSEUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT ,MALAPPURAM,KERALA,INDIA 673 635279 School of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALBASOCIOLOGYIII SemesterCORE COURSEFOUNDATION OF Sociological THEORIESP repared by:Module I & Professor,Department ofSociology,Zamorians Guruvayoorappan College, III & ,Associate Professor,Department of Sociology,Vimala College, , Manasam ,Harithapuram,Chevayoor, & SettingsComputer Section, SDE ReservedSchool of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage3 CONTENTSMODULEIFORMATION OF Sociological THOUGHT05-14 MODULEIIFOUNDERS OF SOCIOLOGICALTHOUGHT15-25 MODULEIIIEMILE DURKHEIM (1858 1917)26-30 MODULEIVMAX WEBER (1864-1920)

2 31-37 School of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage4 School of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage5 MODULE IFORMATION OF Sociological THOUGHTE mergenceof SociologyHaving grown up during the aftermath of the French Revolution,Auguste Comte was thefirst to use the term sociology as a way of studying the world in terms of with theindustrial revolution in England during the 18th century and the rise of urbanisation and mass socialchange, thinkers such as Comte, Durkheim and Marx began to realise the need to study societyinall its dynamic period of history is often described as the great transformation , whichled to the emergence of sociology. Around the late 18th century an intellectual period known as the Enlightenment challenged many of the established orders of society from an analytical andscientific French revolution, the citizens of France were granted new legalrights, a broad centralised education system and a new system of inheritance.

3 These changes allchallenged a previous traditional model, and hence gave individual citizens a different perspectiveof could be argued that the intellectual revolution known as the Enlightenment laid thefoundationfor the French revolution which createdsignificant social change. It brought about anideology which believed that scientific and historical study should be looked at and incorporatedinto a philosophical perspective. Enlightenment figures such as Charles Montesquieu, one of thepioneers of social science, saw humanity as something that develops from infancy to maturity withconflict in between the different stages. He also believed that the Enlightenment could be thebeginning of a great period of human development, as science was being applied to humanity. Thiscould be described as the birth of sociology and of social scientific Enlightenment period coincided with the increase in knowledge in other scientificfields such as life sciences.

4 Darwin s studiesonevolution challengedtheold established ideas ofthe concept of Social Darwinism was based on theideology that society willgradually improve on the basis that the fittest will be the mostsuccessful and therefore survive .The period of the late 18th century and early 19th century contributed significantly to theemergence of sociology due to the significant revolutions that occurred during this Enlightenment was in many respects a renaissance of scientific thought and signalledthe beginning of sociology as a discipline. It changed the way philosophers looked at the world bygiving a scientific and analytical approach to their intellectual revolution made wayforthe French revolution, and is thought by some to be the most important political event ofmodern times. It granted citizens individual freedoms and removed old established orders such asthe church and crown, and gave people a new perspective of the worldand the society in whichthey French revolution also led to the emergence of Nationalism which changed the waymany people viewed the state as industrial revolution saw massive changes in society by the destruction of the feudalsystemand the establishment of capitalism, which is a key area of discussion within andindustrialisationled to the emergence of the working class as a large and powerfulbody, which led to the birth of Marxism.

5 And gave people a new perspective and relationship withthe society they lived French revolution and Industrial revolution were eventsintegral tothe emergence of sociology and social of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage6 Social background of SociologySociology emerged from enlightenment thought,shortly after the French Revolution, as apositivist science of society. Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy ofscience and the philosophy of knowledge. Modern academic sociologyemergedas a reaction tomodernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, and a relatively briefperiod the discipline greatly expanded and diverged, both topically and methodologically,particularly as a result of reactions against RevolutionThe French revolution challenged and overthrew the old order of society.

6 It was a revolutionthat strengthened the state which aimed to represent the will of the people. It is important torecognise that the political and cultural climate that existed before the revolution was dominated bythe church and the French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France thathad a major impact on France and throughout the rest of Europe. The absolute monarchy that hadruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwentdrastictransformation. Feudal, aristocratic andreligious privileges were removed from the ofmonarchy, aristocracy, and religious authoritywere overthrown by new Enlightenment principlesof equalityandcitizenship. The Ancien R gime,the aristocratic, social and political systemestablished in France from approximately the 15th century to the 18th centurywas identified as oneofthe causes of the Revolution.

7 Economic factors included hunger and malnutrition after severalyears of poor grain harvests. Bad harvests rising food prices, and an inadequate transportationsystem that hindered the shipment of bulk foods from rural areas to large population centerscontributed greatly to the destabilization of French society in the years leading up to cause was the state's effective bankruptcy due to the enormous cost ofprevious wars, particularly the financial strain caused byFrench participation in the AmericanRevolutionary War. France's inefficient and antiquated financial system was unable to manage thenational debt, which was bothcaused and aggravated by the burden of an inadequate system oftaxation. Meanwhile, the royal court at Versailles was seen as being isolated from, and indifferentto, the hardships of the lower other factors involved resentments and aspirations given focus by the rise ofEnlightenment ideals.

8 These includedresentment of royal absolutism,resentment by peasants,laborers and the bourgeoisie toward the traditional privileges possessed by the nobility,resentmentof the Church's influence over public policy and institutions,aspirations for freedom of religion,resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy; aspirations for social, political andeconomic equality, and French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis CourtOath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Manand of the Citizen in August, and an epic march on Versailles that forced the royal court back toParis in October. The next few years were dominated by tensions between various liberalassemblies and a right-wing monarchywhich tried to resistmajor republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the , popular sentiments radicalized the Revolution significantly, culminating in the riseof Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins and virtual dictatorship by the Committee of PublicSchool of DistanceEducationFoundation of Sociological TheoriesPage7 Safety during the Reign of Terror from 1793 until 1794 during which between 16,000 and 40,000people were the fall of the Jacobins and the execution of Robespierre, the Directoryassumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799.

9 When it was replaced by theConsulate under Napoleon modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth ofrepublics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism, the development of modern ideologies,and the invention of total waroriginatedduring the Revolution. Subsequent events that can betraced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of monarchy(Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy), and two additional revolutions (1830 and 1848) asmodern France took of EstateSystemFrench Society was divided into three classes or "estates".The first estate was theclergy,the second estate,nobilityand the thirdestate, the estate was granted an equalvoice in an advisory legislative group called the Estates General who would meet whenever therewas a need to advise the Estates General had no real power under the absolute monarchyof Louis estate system was division of three different groups.

10 The first estate was made up of theclergy(Church).Although the clergy amounted to no more than a hundred thousand men, theyowned about 1/10th of the land in France. The clergy enjoyed many second estatewas made up of nobles and kings. They lived rich lives and taxed peasants to avoidpaying power of this class was based on the feudal seigniorial system. They served ascouncillors to the royalty, diplomats and governors. They enjoyed rights of local justice, villagesurveillance, monopoly over hunting and themaintenance of wells and wine presses. The mostimportant differentiation between the nobles and the non-nobles was that the former enjoyedimmunity from direct taxation and various other traditional nobility held politicalauthority on the basis of landed wealth and got this as a reward to the military aid given to the Third estate was everybody else.


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