Freedom in the World

1 Freedom in the World The findings of the Comparative Survey of Freedom and the Map of Freedom include events up to 1 January 1994. Freedom in the World The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties 1993-1994 Freedom House Survey Team Adrian Karatnycky Survey Coordinator Kathleen Cavanaugh Charles Graybow Douglas W. Payne Joseph E. Ryan Leonard R. Sussman George Zarycky James Finn General Editor Freedom House Copyright 1994 by Freedom House Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For permission, write to Freedom House, 120 Wall Street, New York, 10005.

2 First published in 1994 Cover design and maps by Emerson Wajdowicz Studios, The Library of Congress has catalogued this serial title as follows: Freedom in the World / 1978-New York : Freedom House, 1978-v.: map; 25 cm. ( Freedom House Book) Annual. ISSN 0732-6610= Freedom in the World . 1. Civil rights Periodicals. I. R. Adrian Karatnycky, et al. I. Series. '05-dc 19 82-642048 AACR 2 MARC-S Library of Congress [84101] ISBN 0-932088-81-3 (pbk.) 0-932088-82-1 (cloth) Distributed by arrangement with: University Press of America, Inc. 4720 Boston Way Lanham, MD 20706 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU England Cont nts Foreword The Comparative Survey of Freedom 1993-1994: Freedom in Retreat Regional Essays The United States Latin America and the Caribbean Africa The Middle East Asia Western Europe Russia East Central Europe Survey of Press Freedom The Survey 1994 The Year in Review The Map of Freedom 1994 Map legend Regional Maps Country Reports Introduction The Reports Related Tenitories Reports Survey Methodology The Tabulated Ratings Tables and Ratings Adrian Karatnycky James Finn Douglas W.

3 Payne Stephen Smith David A. Korn Charles Graybow Roger Kaplan Paige Sullivan George Zarycky Leonard R. Sussman Joseph E. Ryan Joseph E. Ryan Table of Independent Countries Comparative Measures of Freedom Table of Related Territories Comparative Measures of Freedom Table of Social and Economic Comparisons Combined Average Ratings, Independent Countries Combined Average Ratings, Related Tenitories national Elections and Referenda Sources l 3 10 16 24 30 41 50 59 71 79 85 92-93 91 94-100 101 103 603 671 677 679 680 682 683 684 693 Foreword Freedom in the World , is an evaluation of political rights and civil liberties in the World 's nations and related territories, now numbering 190 and 63 respectively, that Freedom House provides on an annual basis.

4 Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in New York that monitors politi-cal rights and civil liberties around the World . Established in 1941, Freedom House be-lieves the effective advocacy of human rights at home and abroad must be grounded in fundamental democratic values and principles. Freedom House first began to evaluate political rights and civil liberties during the 50s, when racial violence broke out in the United States. The first year-end review of free-dom was completed in 1955. During those early years, the project was called the Balance Sheet of Freedom , and later the Annual Survey of the Progress of Freedom . By the late 1960s, the Freedom House Board of Trustees felt there was a need to create a single stan-dard by which to measure and record the development of Freedom around the World .

5 When Freedom House's Comparative Survey of Freedom was finally established in the early 1970s, democracy was in a perilous condition in many states and on every con-tinent: Spain, Portugal and Greece were under military rule; the World 's largest democ-racy, India, was sliding toward martial law; an American president faced the possibility of impeachment; Africa was torn by both factional strife and racial conflict; and the prospects for liberalization not to say democratization in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia were dim. By the 1980s this dispiriting picture had changed and we witnessed a decade of unprecedented gains in democratization and Freedom in much of the World . The year of 1993, however, dissipated much of the euphoria produced by these gains.

6 In the last year there has been a sad and severe diminution of Freedom in many countries. The Survey project has continued to develop over the years, being incorporated in the late 1970s into Freedom in the World , where it is now complemented by regional essays and country-by-country reports. In 1989 it became a year-long effort produced by our re-gional experts, consultants, and human rights specialists. As the resources listed at the back of this book attest, the Survey acquires its information from a wide range of diverse sources. Especially valued among these are the many human rights activists, journalists, edi-tors and political figures around the World who constantly inform us of the human rights situation in their own countries.

7 Sometimes the mere act of objectively reporting govern-ment crackdowns, repression and extra-judicial killings puts these courageous individuals and their families at great risk. At other times, these personalities are cast into the midst of political change and, as prime actors in their nation's life, pay the ultimate price. Western journalists play an increasingly important role in the movement for human rights by their ability to penetrate nearly inaccessible places where local human rights advocates are either nonexistent or are unable to project their urgent message to the World . For example, Freedom House has been privileged to receive extensive reporting from 2 Freedom in the World 1993-1994 American journalists covering the conflicts and practice of "ethnic cleansing," in Bosnia and Croatia.

8 Faced with the usual pressures of covering a war situation, these men and women took the time to provide us and others with specific cases of horrendous human rights abuses, including the creation of detention camps. European and Latin American journalists offered moral and sometimes personal support to the courageous community of human rights activists on the island of Cuba; without their concern, many of the deterio-rating conditions in that society would not have come to light. Of special note in 1993 was the World Conference on Human Rights sponsored by the United Nations in Vienna (14-25 June), the first under the auspices in twenty-five years. A delegation from Freedom House participated very actively at the conference; reported both individually and collectively on the successes and failures of the meeting; and have continued to monitor the threats to human rights that were and are sharply posed by a number of the participating countries, many of which receive low ratings in this year's Freedom in the World .

9 It is also worth noting that among the more than 2,000 non-govem-mental organizations (NGOs) attending the conference were a number of burgeoning NGOs from Asia. Operating under conditions of both political and financial stress, the staff and members of these organizations provide detailed, hard information that was, and some-times still is, difficult for them to disseminate and for outside organizations to procure. At great personal risk they defy the vigorous attempts of their own governments to relativize, and therefore trivialize, human rights. Throughout the year Freedom House personnel regularly conduct fact-finding mis-sions to gain more in-depth knowledge of the vast political transformations affecting our World . During these week-to- month long investigations, we make every effort to meet a cross-section of political parties and associations, human rights monitors, religious fig-ures, representatives of both the private sector and trade union movement, academics and the appropriate security forces and insurgent movements where they exist.

10 The Survey project team also consults a vast array of published source materials, ranging from the reports of other human rights organizations to newspapers and magazines, large and small, from around the World . During the past year, Freedom House traveled to Angola, Austria, Belgium, Cambo-dia, Canada, Croatia, Cuba, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Guyana, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Ukraine and the The coordinator of this year's Survey team is Adrian Karatnycky, executive director of Freedom House. Other members include Dr. Joseph E. Ryan, Survey methodolo-gist, Kathleen Cavanaugh, Charles Graybow, Douglas W. Payne, Leonard R.