FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1 TEACHER S GUIDEB etty Schrampfer AzarBarbara F. MatthiesShelley HartleENGLISHGR AMMARFUNDAMENTALS OFThird Editionfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iFundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR , Third EditionTeacher s GuideCopyright 2003, 1992, 1985 by betty Schrampfer AzarAll rights part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior permission of the AssociatesShelley Hartle, EditorSusan Van Etten, ManagerPearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Vice president of instructional design: Allen AscherEditorial manager: Pam FishmanProject manager: Margo GrantDevelopment editor: Janet JohnstonVice president, director of design and production: Rhea BankerDirector of electronic production: Aliza GreenblattExecutive managing editor: Linda MoserProduction manager: Ray KeatingProduction editor: Robert RuvoDirector of manufacturing.

2 Patrice FraccioSenior manufacturing buyer: Edie PullmanCover design: Monika PopowitzText composition: Carlisle Communications, font: PlantinISBN: 0-13-013634-4 Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CRK 06 05 04 03 02fm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iiiiiContentsPREFACE ..viiINTRODUCTION ..ixGeneral Aims of FUNDAMENTALS of ENGLISH GRAMMAR ..ixClassroom Techniques ..ixSuggestions for Presenting the GRAMMAR Charts .. ixDegrees of Teacher and Student Involvement .. xiInteractive Group and Pair Work .. xiMonitoring Errors in Interactive Work .. xiiTechniques for Exercise Types .. xiiFill-in-the-Blanks and Controlled Completion Exercises .. xiiOpen Completion Exercises .. xiiiTransformation and Combination Exercises .. xivOral Exercises .. xivWriting Exercises .. xvError-Analysis Exercises .. xvPreview Exercises .. xviDiscussion-of-Meaning Exercises .. xviGames and Activities .. xviPronunciation Exercises.

3 XviSeatwork .. xviiHomework .. xviiUsing the Workbook ..xviiSupplementary Resource Texts ..xviiiNotes on American vs. British ENGLISH ..xviiiDifferences in GRAMMAR .. xviiiDifferences in Spelling .. xixDifferences in Vocabulary .. xixKey to Pronunciation Symbols ..xxThe Phonetic Alphabet (Symbols for American ENGLISH ) .. xxConsonants .. xxVo wels .. xxNOTES AND ANSWERS ..1 Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME ..11-1 The simple present and the present progressive .. 41-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive .. 41-3 Frequency adverbs .. 71-4 Final -s .. 81-5 Spelling of final -s/-es .. 91-6 Non-action verbs .. 121-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions .. 12fm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iiiChapter 2 PAST TIME ..142-1 Expressing past time: the simple past .. 152-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs .. 152-3 Forms of the simple past:be .. 152-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -edendings .. 172-5 Spelling of -ingand -edforms.

4 182-6 The principal parts of a verb .. 192-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list .. 202-8 The simple past and the past progressive .. 222-9 Forms of the past progressive .. 222-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses .. 252-11 Expressing past habit:used to .. 26 Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME ..283-1 Expressing future time:be going toand will .. 293-2 Forms with be going to .. 293-3 Forms with will .. 313-4 Sureness about the future .. 323-5Be going .. 333-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses .. 343-7 Using the present progressive to express future time .. 363-8 Using the simple present to express future time .. 373-9 Immediate future: using be about to .. 383-10 Parallel verbs .. 38 Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT ..414-1 Past participle .. 424-2 Forms of the present perfect .. 424-3 Meanings of the present perfect .. 434-4 Simple past vs. present perfect .. 444-5 Using sinceandfor .. 474-6 Present perfect progressive.

5 484-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect .. 494-8 Using already,yet,still,and anymore .. 504-9 Past perfect .. 53 Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS ..565-1 Yes/no questions and short answers .. 575-2 Yes/no questions and information questions .. 585-3 Where,why,when,and what time .. 595-4 Questions with who,who(m),and what .. 605-5 Spoken and written contractions with question words .. 615-6 Using what a form of do .. 635-7 Using what kind of .. 635-8 Using which .. 645-9 Using whose .. 645-10 Using how .. 655-11 Using how often .. 665-12 Using how far .. 665-13 Length of time:it takeand how long .. 665-14 More questions with how .. 675-15 Using how aboutand what about .. 705-16 Tag questions .. 71 Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ..726-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es .. 746-2 Plural forms of nouns .. 756-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects .. 756-4 Objects of prepositions .. 776-5 Prepositions of time .. 786-6 Word order: place and time.

6 796-7 Subject verb agreement .. 79ivCONTENTSfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iv6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns .. 796-9 Using nouns as adjectives .. 806-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects .. 826-11 Possessive nouns .. 836-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives .. 846-13 Reflexive pronouns .. 846-14 Singular forms of other .. 856-15 Plural forms of other:other(s) other(s) .. 856-16 Summary of forms of other .. 86 Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES ..887-1 The form of modal auxiliaries .. 897-2 Expressing ability:canand could .. 907-3 Expressing possibility:mayand mightExpressing permission:mayand can .. 917-4 Using couldto express possibility .. 917-5 Polite questions:may I,could I,can I .. 937-6 Polite questions:would you,could you,will you,can you .. 947-7 Expressing advice:shouldand ought to .. 947-8 Expressing advice:had better .. 957-9 Expressing necessity:have to,have got to,must .. 967-10 Expressing lack of necessity:do not have toExpressing prohibition:must not.

7 967-11 Making logical conclusions:must .. 977-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences .. 987-13 Making suggestions:let sand why don t .. 997-14 Stating preferences:prefer, ,would rather .. 100 Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS ..1028-1 Connecting ideas with and .. 1048-2 Connecting ideas with butandor .. 1058-3 Connecting ideas with so .. 1068-4 Using auxiliary verbs after butand and .. 1078-5 Using and too,so,either,neither .. 1088-6 Connecting ideas with because .. 1098-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although .. 111 Chapter 9 COMPARISONS ..1149-1 Making comparisons with as ..as .. 1169-2 Comparative and superlative .. 1179-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs .. 1189-4 Completing a comparative .. 1209-5 Modifying comparatives .. 1219-6 Comparisons with less ..thanand not as ..as .. 1229-7 Unclear comparisons .. 1229-8 Using morewith nouns .. 1239-9 Repeating a comparative .. 1239-10 Using double comparatives.

8 1249-11 Using superlatives .. 1249-12 Using the same,similar,different,like,alike .. 127 Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE ..13010-1 Active sentences and passive sentences .. 13110-2 Form of the passive .. 13110-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs .. 13310-4 Using the by-phrase .. 13410-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive .. 13610-6 Passive modal auxiliaries .. 13610-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) .. 13710-8 Participial .. 13910-9 Get adjective;get past participle .. 14010-10 Using be used/accustomed toand get used/accustomed to .. 140 Contentsvfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page v10-11 Used used to .. 14110-12 Using be supposed to .. 142 Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES .. 14411-2 Count and noncount nouns .. 14511-3 Noncount nouns .. 14611-4 More noncount nouns .. 14611-5 Using several,a lot of,many/much,and a few/a little .. 14711-6 Nouns that can be count or noncount .. 14811-7 Using units of measure with noncount nouns.

9 14911-8 Guidelines for article usage .. 15011-9 Using theor with names .. 15211-10 Capitalization .. 152 Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ..15412-1 Adjective clauses: introduction .. 15512-2 Using whoand whomin adjective clauses .. 15612-3 Using who,who(m),and thatin adjective clauses .. 15712-4 Using whichand thatin adjective clauses .. 15812-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses .. 16012-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses .. 16012-7 Using whosein adjective clauses .. 162 Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES ..16513-1 Verb gerund .. 16613-2Go -ing .. 16713-3 Verb infinitive .. 16813-4 Verb gerund or infinitive .. 16813-5 Preposition gerund .. 17113-6 Using byand withto express how something is done .. 17213-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it infinitive .. 17313-8It infinitive: using for(someone) .. 17413-9 Expressing purpose with in order toand for .. 17613-10 Using infinitives with tooand enough .. 177 Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES.

10 18114-1 Noun clauses: introduction .. 18214-2 Noun clauses that begin with a question word .. 18214-3 Noun clauses with who,what,whose be .. 18314-4 Noun clauses that begin with ifor whether .. 18514-5 Noun clauses that begin with that .. 18614-6 Other uses of that-clauses .. 18614-7 Substituting sofor a that-clause in conversational responses .. 18814-8 Quoted speech .. 18814-9 Quoted speech vs. reported speech .. 18914-10 Verb forms in reported speech .. 19014-11 Common reporting verbs:tell,ask,answer/reply .. 191 Appendix 1 PHRASAL VERBS ..193A1-1 Phrasal verbs: introduction .. 194A1-2 Phrasal verbs: intransitive .. 196A1-3 Three-word phrasal verbs .. 197A1-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list .. 197 Appendix 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS ..198A2-1 Preposition combinations: introduction .. 198A2-2 Preposition combinations: a reference list .. 201 INDEX ..202viCONTENTSfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page viThis Teacher s Guideis intended as a practical aid to teachers.