FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1 TEACHER S GUIDEB etty Schrampfer AzarBarbara F. MatthiesShelley HartleENGLISHGR AMMARFUNDAMENTALS OFThird Editionfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iFundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR , Third EditionTeacher s GuideCopyright 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schrampfer AzarAll rights part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior permission of the AssociatesShelley Hartle, EditorSusan Van Etten, ManagerPearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Vice president of instructional design.

2 Allen AscherEditorial manager: Pam FishmanProject manager: Margo GrantDevelopment editor: Janet JohnstonVice president, director of design and production: Rhea BankerDirector of electronic production: Aliza GreenblattExecutive managing editor: Linda MoserProduction manager: Ray KeatingProduction editor: Robert RuvoDirector of manufacturing: Patrice FraccioSenior manufacturing buyer: Edie PullmanCover design: Monika PopowitzText composition: Carlisle Communications, font: PlantinISBN: 0-13-013634-4 Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CRK 06 05 04 03 02fm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iiiiiContentsPREFACE.

3 ViiINTRODUCTION ..ixGeneral Aims of FUNDAMENTALS of ENGLISH GRAMMAR ..ixClassroom Techniques ..ixSuggestions for Presenting the GRAMMAR Charts .. ixDegrees of Teacher and Student Involvement .. xiInteractive Group and Pair Work .. xiMonitoring Errors in Interactive Work .. xiiTechniques for Exercise Types .. xiiFill-in-the-Blanks and Controlled Completion Exercises .. xiiOpen Completion Exercises .. xiiiTransformation and Combination Exercises .. xivOral Exercises .. xivWriting Exercises .. xvError-Analysis Exercises.

4 XvPreview Exercises .. xviDiscussion-of-Meaning Exercises .. xviGames and Activities .. xviPronunciation Exercises .. xviSeatwork .. xviiHomework .. xviiUsing the Workbook ..xviiSupplementary Resource Texts ..xviiiNotes on American vs. British ENGLISH ..xviiiDifferences in GRAMMAR .. xviiiDifferences in Spelling .. xixDifferences in Vocabulary .. xixKey to Pronunciation Symbols ..xxThe Phonetic Alphabet (Symbols for American ENGLISH ) .. xxConsonants .. xxVo wels .. xxNOTES AND ANSWERS ..1 Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME.

5 11-1 The simple present and the present progressive .. 41-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive .. 41-3 Frequency adverbs .. 71-4 Final -s .. 81-5 Spelling of final -s/-es .. 91-6 Non-action verbs .. 121-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions .. 12fm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iiiChapter 2 PAST TIME ..142-1 Expressing past time: the simple past .. 152-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs .. 152-3 Forms of the simple past:be .. 152-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -edendings.

6 172-5 Spelling of -ingand -edforms .. 182-6 The principal parts of a verb .. 192-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list .. 202-8 The simple past and the past progressive .. 222-9 Forms of the past progressive .. 222-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses .. 252-11 Expressing past habit:used to .. 26 Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME ..283-1 Expressing future time:be going toand will .. 293-2 Forms with be going to .. 293-3 Forms with will .. 313-4 Sureness about the future .. 323-5Be going .. 333-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses.

7 343-7 Using the present progressive to express future time .. 363-8 Using the simple present to express future time .. 373-9 Immediate future: using be about to .. 383-10 Parallel verbs .. 38 Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT ..414-1 Past participle .. 424-2 Forms of the present perfect .. 424-3 Meanings of the present perfect .. 434-4 Simple past vs. present perfect .. 444-5 Using sinceandfor .. 474-6 Present perfect progressive .. 484-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect.

8 494-8 Using already,yet,still,and anymore .. 504-9 Past perfect .. 53 Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS ..565-1 Yes/no questions and short answers .. 575-2 Yes/no questions and information questions .. 585-3 Where,why,when,and what time .. 595-4 Questions with who,who(m),and what .. 605-5 Spoken and written contractions with question words .. 615-6 Using what a form of do .. 635-7 Using what kind of .. 635-8 Using which .. 645-9 Using whose .. 645-10 Using how .. 655-11 Using how often .. 665-12 Using how far .. 665-13 Length of time:it takeand how long.

9 665-14 More questions with how .. 675-15 Using how aboutand what about .. 705-16 Tag questions .. 71 Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ..726-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es .. 746-2 Plural forms of nouns .. 756-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects .. 756-4 Objects of prepositions .. 776-5 Prepositions of time .. 786-6 Word order: place and time .. 796-7 Subject verb agreement .. 79ivCONTENTSfm_ph/prs_AZAR_39601 11/6/02 9:44 AM Page iv6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns .. 796-9 Using nouns as adjectives.

10 806-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects .. 826-11 Possessive nouns .. 836-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives .. 846-13 Reflexive pronouns .. 846-14 Singular forms of other .. 856-15 Plural forms of other:other(s) other(s) .. 856-16 Summary of forms of other .. 86 Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES ..887-1 The form of modal auxiliaries .. 897-2 Expressing ability:canand could .. 907-3 Expressing possibility:mayand mightExpressing permission:mayand can .. 917-4 Using couldto express possibility .. 917-5 Polite questions:may I,could I,can I.