Fundamentals of HVAC Systems

1 Fundamentals of hvac SystemsThis Page is Intentionally Left BlankFundamentals of hvac SystemsPrepared byRobert McDowall,P. Change Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USAAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDONNEW YORK OXFORDPARIS SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOB utterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of ElsevierButterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of ElsevierLinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UKThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK84 Theobald s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UKRadarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USAF irst edition 2006 Copyright 2006, American Society of Heating.

2 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. and Elsevier Inc Published by Elsevier 2006. All rights reservedThe right of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. and Elsevier Inc to be identified as the author of this work has beenasserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisherPermissions may be sought directly from Elsevier s Science & Technology RightsDepartment in Oxford, UK: phone ( 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax ( 44) (0) 1865 853333;email: Alternatively you can submit your request online byvisiting the Elsevier web site at , and selecting Obtaining Permission to use Elsevier materialNoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

3 Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be madeBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of CongressISBN 13: 978-0-12-372497-7 ISBN 10: 0-12-372497-XPrinted and bound in Great Briatin060708091010987654321 Working together to grow libraries in developing | | information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publicationsvisit our web site at to HVAC1 Study Objectives of Chapter 1 Introduction Brief History of hvac Scope of Modern hvac Introduction to Air-conditioning Processes Objective: What is your system to achieve?

4 Environment For Human Comfort 6 The Next Step 8 Summary 8 Bibliography 92 Introduction to hvac Systems10 Study Objectives of Chapter 2 Introduction Introducing the Psychrometric Chart Basic Air-Conditioning system Zoned Air-Conditioning Systems Choosing an Air-Conditioning system system Choice Matrix 28 The Next Step 30 Summary 30 Bibliography 313 Thermal Comfort32 Study Objectives of Chapter 3 Introduction: What is Thermal Comfort?

5 Seven Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort Conditions for Comfort Managing Under Less Than Ideal Conditions Requirements of Non-Standard Groups 40 The Next Step 41 Summary 41 Bibliography 42viContents4 Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality43 Study Objectives of Chapter 4 Introduction Air Pollutants and Contaminants Indoor Air Quality Effects on Health and Comfort Controlling Indoor Air Quality ASHRAE Standard 62 Ventilation for Acceptable IndoorAir Quality52 The Next Step 58 Summary 58 Bibliography 595 Zones60 Study Objectives of Chapter 5 Introduction What is a Zone?

6 Zoning Design Controlling the Zone 65 The Next Step 67 Summary 676 Single Zone Air Handlers and Unitary Equipment68 Study Objectives of Chapter 6 Introduction Examples of Buildings with Single-zone Package Air-Conditioning Units Air-Handling Unit Components Refrigeration Equipment system Performance Requirements Rooftop Units Split Systems 85 The Next Step 86 Summary 86 Bibliography 877 Multiple Zone Air Systems88 Study Objectives of Chapter 7 Introduction Single-Duct, Zoned Reheat, Constant Volume Systems Single-Duct, Variable Air Volume Systems By-Pass Box Systems Constant Volume Dual-Duct, All-Air Systems Multizone Systems Three-deck Multizone Systems Dual-Duct.

7 Variable Air Volume Systems Dual Path Outside Air Systems 100 The Next Step 101 Summary 1018 Hydronic Systems103 Study Objectives of Chapter 8 Introduction Natural Convection and Low Temperature RadiationHeating Systems Panel Heating and Cooling Fan Coils Two Pipe Induction Systems Water Source Heat Pumps 113 The Next Step 115 Summary 115 Bibliography 1169 Hydronic system Architecture117 Study Objectives of Chapter 9 Introduction Steam Water Systems Hot Water Chilled Water Condenser Water 129 The Next Step 131 Summary 131 Bibliography

8 13210 Central Plants133 Study Objectives of Chapter 10 Introduction Central Plant Versus Local Plant in a Building Boilers Chillers Cooling Towers 142 The Next Step 145 Summary 145 Bibliography 14711 Controls148 Study Objectives of Chapter 11 Control Control loops to Direct Digital Control.

9 DDC Digital Control of an Air-Handler and Advantages of Direct Digital Controls165 The Next Step 169 Summary 169 Bibliography 170 ContentsviiviiiContents12 Energy Conservation Measures171 Study Objectives of Chapter 12 Introduction Energy Considerations for Buildings ASHRAE/IESNA Standard Heat Recovery Air-Side and Water-Side Economizers Evaporative Cooling Control of Building Pressure 186 The Final Step 187 Summary 187 Bibliography 18913 Special Applications190 Study Objectives of Chapter 13 Introduction Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems Thermal Storage Systems The Ground as Heat Source and Sink Occupant Controlled Windows with hvac Room Air Distribution Systems Decoupled or Dual Path.

10 And Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems 211 Summary 213 Your Next Step 215 Bibliography 216 Index219 ForewordWelcome to the ASHRAE Learning Institute s Fundamentals of hvac &ReLearning system series. This is the Course Reader to accompany the Fundamentals of HVACS ystems online modules. To help you learn at your convenience, this CourseReader is also available to you as an eBook included with the online Course Reader will provide you with background information to helpyou develop in-depth knowledge of the Fundamentals of hvac Systems , toimprove your skills in hvac &R and to earn the 35