GALVANIC ANODES

1 GALVANIC . ANODES . THE. COMPLETE. GUIDE. cathodic ANODES Australasia 2. cathodic ANODES Australasia cathodic ANODES Australasia cathodic ANODES AUSTRALASIA. cathodic ANODES AUSTRALASIA. Our ANODES protect billions of dollars worth of infrastructure around Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific and South East Asia. We manufacture industrial ANODES for offshore oil rigs, mining, construction and pipelines as well as for the protection of infrastructure such as ports, wharves, sheet pile walls and desalination plants. Our ANODES also protect boats, yachts, ships, marine motors, tanks and hot water systems. CONTENTS. cathodic Protection 4. Which Anode Should I Use?.. 6. Weld-On & Bolt-On Block 8. Bolt-On 12. Weld-On & Bolt-On Tear Drop 16.

2 Bolt-On Tear Drop 17. Fernstrum Bolt-On 18. Rudder ANODES .. 18. Propeller ANODES .. 18. Barra 20. Anode 20. String 20. 20. 20. Defence 21. Shaft 22. Rod 24. Water Treatment 26. Lobster/Craypot 27. Pencil ANODES by 28 OUR PEOPLE INSPECTION & TESTING. Combination ANODES by Diameter .. 34 Collectively our staff have over 190 A robust inspection and testing program Brass 37 years of direct experience with anode ensures that CAA ANODES meet stringent ANODES - arranged by Make (inc. Kits).. 38. manufacturing. We have a dedicated Australian and International standards. 38. BRP - Evinrude, Johnson, 38. team of long term staff with extensive Our laboratory and testing facilities provide 39 knowledge of anode manufacturing.

3 The following inspection and testing: 39 Chemical Composition/Spectrometer 40 SUPPLIERS AND Analysis. 40. 42 SUBCONTRACTORS Electrochemical Testing 42 We have strong long term Anode-to-Core Resistance Testing 42 relationships with our key suppliers Weight, dimensional and visual 43 and subcontractors, this allows for inspections 43 open communication and has lead to 44 significant efficiency, safety and product Hamilton 44. quality improvements. AUSTRALIAN MADE. 45. John 46. Over 95% of our ANODES (by weight). 46 FACILITY are Australian Made. They are cast in 46 our foundry using Australian ingot. By Our factory is the only purpose built, 50 purchasing our ANODES you are not just large scale anode manufacturing facility 50 supporting CAA, you are supporting in Australia.

4 Energy efficiency, water 50 Australian primary metal manufacturers. and waste management played a key 50. role in the design of the factory and 51. associated equipment. The layout was ENVIRONMENT. 51. designed based on the principles of Manufacturing ANODES requires a Sidepower (Sleipner).. 51. 51 Lean Manufacturing, where the flow of significant amount of energy. By 51 work and minimal down time is integral harnessing the power of the sun, we 52 to the operation of the factory. significantly reduce our reliance on fossil Twin 52 fuels. Our 80kW solar array equates to 52 between 20-25% of our electricity being Volvo 53 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT solar generated. 56 As part of our ISO 9001 accreditation 58 Our lighting, manufacturing system we have a series of benchmarks Miscellaneous Engine 59 consumables, tank water and recycling across key processes.

5 These processes Zinc Ribbon 60 are also managed to reduce our are documented, periodically audited 60 environmental impact. and reviewed as part of our continuous Zinc ANODES For 60. improvement program. Industrial and Offshore 61. Rust 62 KEEPING. MANUFACTURING. Index by Part 63 jobs in Australia Conversion 67. 3. cathodic PROTECTION THEORY. This section provides a brief As the zinc plate corrodes into the solution, most effective protection. The addition of overview of the science behind electrons migrate from the anode to the the activating elements is strictly controlled cathode across the metallic bridge and according to recognised standards and corrosion and cathodic protection. are consumed at the copper cathode.

6 Verified by spectrographic analysis. For detailed information please Simultaneously, oxygen that is dissolved in contact the Australasian the solution is consumed at the cathode. RATE OF corrosion . corrosion Association, Ions migrate through the solution and combine with other ions to complete the When a metal is immersed in an electrolyte corrosion reaction. (water, soil, concrete) it generates an electrical current. The current is dependent METALLIC corrosion If a voltmeter were placed in the circuit between the anode and the cathode, on the type of electrolyte. Aluminium and corrosion is an electrochemical reaction the difference in energy levels would be zinc anode alloys are predominantly used between a material and its environment measured as DC voltage.

7 In the case of in sea water which has very low resistance. which results in the deterioration or marine vessels, by employing cathodic Magnesium anode alloys are used in fresh destruction of the material. protection, the natural corrosion of metals water which has a much higher resistance. In most circumstances metallic corrosion can be significantly reduced. Any metal will corrode much faster in sea requires two factors in order for a reaction It is also important to keep in mind that a water than in fresh water, typically ten times to occur: single piece of metal in an electrolyte, not faster. The resistivity of salt water is 1. At least one metal electrically connected to any other metal ohm metres, while fresh water is typically will still self corrode.

8 The energy used to 50 ohm metres, a difference of 200 times. 2. An electrolyte such as water, soil or concrete or a moist atmosphere create the metal from its ore state will still It is important to remember that the aim of be released, but at its own rate. cathodic protection is to shift the natural Hydroxyl Rust (ferrous ions). ions Water & voltage of a metal in a negative direction Oxygen to a point at which corrosion is significantly electron flow reduced. For example steel has a natural - +. potential of -500mV in sea water (with Anodic Electron cathodic Steel respect to a standard silver/silver chloride area flow Area reference electrode). Coating the steel with + ve ions paint and fitting ANODES shifts the potential WHY DOES corrosion - ve ions Electrolyte to around -800mV.

9 At this point corrosion of (sea water). OCCUR? the steel is significantly reduced (for more When we refine metal ores there information see page 6). are varying degrees of mechanical, electrochemical and thermal energy used Anode Cathode THE GALVANIC SERIES. (zinc) (copper). to reduce it from ore to its metallic state. A All metals have an energy level which can large portion of the energy remains stored cathodic PROTECTION be measured. This is measured as the within the metal. Metallic corrosion is the cathodic protection is a technique used to metal's natural voltage within a particular release of this stored energy as electric reduce the rate of corrosion of a metallic electrolyte, sea water. Metals can be current.

10 Surface by making the metal the cathode. tabulated as a function of their natural This can be achieved by attaching voltage for a particular electrolyte. This GALVANIC corrosion GALVANIC (sacrificial) ANODES or impressed table is referred to as the GALVANIC Series. GALVANIC corrosion occurs when at least current ANODES . two metals are connected and one metal Due to its extensive use in marine and corrodes (anode) in preference to another other corrosive environments, steel is THE GALVANIC SERIES IN SEA WATER. (cathode). often the focus of cathodic protection. ANODIC Magnesium anode alloy high potential Other metals widely used for mechanical actively Magnesium anode alloy low Potential corrosion can often be attributed to the corrode poor compatibility of selected materials and structural applications are aluminium Aluminium anode alloys where one metal corrodes in preference alloys, stainless steels and bronzes, all Zinc anode alloys to another, creating a anodic- cathodic of which require some level of protection against corrosion .