Gender Equality in Education Score Card

1 I Gender Equality in Education Score card Gender Equality in Education Score card A Pilot for Nine Countries in Eastern and Southern African Region Research Team Prof. Nyokabi Kamau Lead researcher Dr. Kang'ethe Ngigi Kenya Lead and Data Analyst Dr. Emebet Mulugeta Ethiopia Prof. Penina Mlama Tanzania Dr. Aramanzan Madanda Uganda Dr. Grace Chiuye Malawi Immaculate Mogotsi-Sechogele Namibia Simelane, Nomcebo Olivia Swaziland Ms Audrey Mwansa Zambia Sunungurai Dominica Mutanga Zimbabwe Gender Equality in Education Score card ii Contents Acronyms iv Executive Summary viii Introduction and Background 1. Theoretical Framework, Methodology and Overall Scoring 3. Country Profiles 15. Ethiopia 15. Kenya 25. Malawi 35. Namibia 46. Swaziland 55. Tanzania 63. Uganda 85. Zambia 85. Zimbabwe 95. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 103. References 106. Appendices Appendix 1: English-Speaking Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa with FAWE.

2 National Chapters 113. Appendix 2: Selected Indicators 114. Appendix 3: Performance Indicators for Scoring Gender Equality and Education in Africa 115. Appendix 4: Country Ranking By the Four Areas/Indicators 122. Appendix 5: Data Sources 124. Appendix 6: Data Collection Tool 126. 113. iii Gender Equality in Education Score card Foreword Gender Equality in Education Score card iv v Gender Equality in Education Score card Acronyms Acfode - Action for Development CCITWG - Cross-Cutting Issues Technical ACRWC - African Charter on the Rights Working Group and Welfare of the Child CEDAW - United Nations Convention on AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency the Elimination of Syndrome Discrimination Against AIR - apparent intake rate Women ANCEFA - Africa Network Campaign on CERT - Centre for Educational Education for All Research and Training ASAL - arid and semi arid CHE - Commission for Higher Education ASPBAE - Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education CMS - Church Missionary Society BEAM - Basic Education Assistance CoC - Code of Conduct Module CoE - Centre of Excellence BEN-E - Basic Education Network- CPE - Certificate of Primary

3 Ethiopia Education BEST - Basic Education Statistics in CRC - Convention on the Rights of Tanzania the Child BOGs - Board of Governors CSOs - civil society organisations BoS - Bureau of Statistics CTEs - Colleges of Teachers'. BRP - Business Re-engineering Education (Ethiopia). Process (Ethiopia) DAPP - Development Aid from People BSPZ - Better Schools Programme of to People Zimbabwe DAs - District Assemblies (Malawi). BTVET - Business, Technical, DEM - District Education Managers Vocational Education and (Malawi). Training DEN - District Education Networks CAMFED - Campaign for Female DFID - Department for International Education Development CBE - Complementary Basic DHS - Demographic Health Surveys Education EAACE - East African Advanced CBOs - community based Certificate of Education organisations EAC - East African Community Gender Equality in Education Score card vi EACE - East African Certificate of FNDP - Fifth National Development Education Plan (Zambia).

4 EACP - East African Certificate of FOST - Farm Orphan Support Trust Primary Education FPE - Free Primary Education ECCD - early childhood care and FSE - Free Secondary Education development FTI - Fast Track Initiative ECD - early childhood development GABLE - Girls Attainment in Basic ECDCs - early childhood development Literacy and Education centres GAC - Gender Appropriate ECDE - early childhood development Curriculum and Education GDI - Gender development Index ECZ - Examinations Council of GDP - gross domestic products Zambia GEEI - Gender Equality in Education EDM - Educational Division Index Managers (Malawi). GEM - Gender Empowerment EFA - Education for All Measure EGSECE - Ethiopian General Secondary GEM - Girls' Education Movement Education Certificate GEQIP - General Education Quality Examination Improvement Program EMAC - Educational Material (Ethiopia). Approval Committee GER - gross enrolment rate EMACK - Education for Marginalised GMR - Global Monitoring Report Children in Kenya GoM - Government of Malawi EMIS - Educational Management Information Systems GPI - Gender parity index ESDP - Education Sector GSSE - Girls' Support for Secondary Development Program Education (Ethiopia)

5 HAMU - HIV and AIDS Monitoring Unit ETF - Education Transition Fund HIGCSE - Higher International General ETP - Education and Training Policy Certificate of Secondary Education ETSIP - Education and Training Sector Improvement Programme HIV - human immunodeficiency virus EU - European Union ICT - information communication FAWENA - FAWE Namibia technology FAWESWA - FAWE Swaziland IGCSE - International General FAWEZI - Forum for African Women Certificate for Secondary Educationists in Zimbabwe Education FAWEZA - Forum for African Women ILO - International Labour Educationists in Zambia Organisation FBOs - faith based organisations IPU - Inter-Parliamentary Union FCTZ - Farm Community Trust JAB - Joint Admissions Board FDRE - Federal Democratic Republic JCE - Junior Certificate of Education of Ethiopia JKUAT - Jomo Kenyatta University of FEMSA - Female Education in Agriculture and Technology Mathematics and Science in KACE - Kenya Advanced Certificate of Africa Education vii Gender Equality in Education Score card KCE - Kenya Certificate of Education NORAD - Norwegian Agency for KCPE - Kenya Certificate of Primary Development Cooperation Education NRM - National Resistance KCSE - Kenya Certificate of Movement Secondary Education NSGRP - National Strategy for Growth KESSP - Kenya Education Sector and Reduction of Poverty Support Programme (Tanzania).

6 MDG - Millennium Development NSSC - Namibia Senior Secondary Goals Certificate MKUKUTA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi ODA - Overseas Development na Kupunguza Umaskini Authority Tanzania OVCs - orphans and vulnerable MMUST - Masinde Muliro University of children Science and Technology PAGE - Programmes for the MoARD - ministry of Agriculture and Advancement of Girls'. Rural Development (Ethiopia) Education MoE - ministry of Education PEA - Primary Education Advisor MoESAC - ministry of Education , Sports, (Malawi). Arts and Culture PEDP - Primary Education MoET - ministry of Education and Development Programme Training (Swaziland) PM - Prime Minister MOEVT - ministry of Education and PMO-RALG - Prime Ministers' Office for Vocational Training (Tanzania) Regional Administration and MoH - ministry of Health (Ethiopia) Local Government (Tanzania). MoHTE - ministry of Higher and PSCLE - Primary School Leaving Tertiary Education Certificate Examination MSCE - Malawi School Certificate of PSR - pupil section ratio Education PTAs - Parents Teachers Associations NCC - National Curriculum Centre PTCs - primary teacher training (Swaziland)

7 Colleges NCHE - National Council of Higher PTR - pupil teacher ratio Education PWDs - people with disabilities NDP3 - Third National Development SADC - Southern African Plan Development Community NEAB - National Education Advisory SAPs - Structural Adjustment Board Programmes NECD - National Early Childhood SCCS - Schools as Centres of Care Development and Support NEPAD - New Partnership for Africa's SCOT - Swaziland College of Development Technology NER - net enrolment ratio SEDP - Primary Education NESP - National Education Sector Development Programme Plan SESS - Science Education in NGOs - non-governmental Secondary Schools (Tanzania). organisations SIGI - Social Institutions and Gender NIR - net intake rate Equality Index SIP - School Improvement Program Gender Equality in Education Score card viii SMCs - school management UIS - UNESCO Institute for Statistics committees UN - United Nations SMT - Science Mathematics and UNAM - University of Namibia Technology UNDP - United Nations Development SMTVT - ministry of Science, Programme Technology and Vocational UNECA - United Nations Economic Training Commission for Africa SNDP - Sixth National Development UNESCO - United Nations Educational Plan (Zambia) Scientific and Cultural SSA - Sub-Sahara Africa Organisation SWAPO - South West Africa People's UNICEF - United Nations Children's'.

8 Organisation Emergency Fund TAMWA - Tanzania Media Women UNRISD - United Nations Research Association Institute for Social TDP - Teacher Development Development Program UPE - Universal Primary Education TENMET - Tanzania Education Network/ USAID - United States Agency for Mtandao wa Elimu Tanzania International Development TESS - Teacher Education and USE - universal secondary Specialised Services Education TEVET - technical Education , UT - untrained teacher vocational and UWI - University of the West Indies entrepreneurship training VOCTIM - Vocational and Commercial TGEI - Tanzania Gender in Education Training Institute in Matsapha Initiative WADs - Women's Affairs Departments TGNP - Tanzania Gender Network WASH - Water, Sanitation and Programme Hygiene TI - Transparency International WEF - World Educational Forum TSC - Teaching Service Commission WEUCST - Western University College of (Swaziland).

9 Science and Technology TSC - Teachers Service Commission WFP - World Food Programme TVET - Technical and Vocational WUA - Women's University in Africa Education and Training ix Gender Equality in Education Score card List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1: Weights for indicators 10. Table 2: Overall country ranking 12. Table 3: Pupil enrolment in ECDCs in Kenya, 2005-2009 25. Table 4: Primary school survival rate in Malawi by sex 35. Table 5: PSCLE pass rates by sex between 2004 and 2009 35. Table 6: MSCE pass rates by sex between 2004 and 2009 36. 36. Table 7: Career selection among students in Namibia by Gender 48. Table 8: Gender and enrolment in primary and secondary schools in Zimbabwe 96. Figures Figure 1: Gender analysis planning model 6. Figure 2: Africa Gender Score Conceptual Framework 7. Figure 3: Transition rate to secondary school in Malawi by sex between 2004 and 2008 36.

10 Gender Equality in Education Score card x Executive Summary By adopting the Dakar Framework for Action developed to assess how Gender Equality is and the subsequent UN Millennium perceived and presented. Development Goals at the dawn of the 21st century, African countries established a Objectives of the Score card commitment for collective action in The Gender Equality in Education Score card empowering individuals and transforming (Africa) was developed to report on Gender societies. A new impetus was witnessed in Equality in respect of Education for Africa. addressing the issue of access to Education to Specifically, the Score card was to: both males and females. However, although a Develop a Gender Equality Report card lot of progress has been made a decade after for selected African countries these important educational events, challenges still remain as 25 per cent of Integrate a Gender perspective across the children are excluded from school at all stages different EFA and MDGs of Education in sub-Saharan Africa.