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2 Request for permission to reproduce any part of the report may be sent to of information Forwarding/copy/using in publications without approval from Common Cause and CSDS will be considered as infringement of intellectual property Photo: In the wake of school students dying in road accident, policemen help school children cross the road. (Credits: Praful Gangurde, Hindustan Times, 19 January 2010, Mumbai)iTeam Advisory Committee Sandeep Shastri Sanjay KumarSuhas PalshikarVipul MudgalAnalysis and report writing Ananya Singh Ankita Barthwal Asmita Aasaavari Arushi GuptaRadhika JhaShakeb AyazShreyas Sardesai Vijay PrakashState Coordinators A.

3 K. VermaAnnapurna NautiyalAnupama SaxenaBhanu Parmar Biswajit Mohanty Dhruba Pratim Sharma E. VenkatesuGyanaranjan SwainHarishwar Dayal Jagrup Singh Sekhon Sajad Ibrahim Kushal Pal M. Asmer BegMahashweta Jani Nitin Birmal P. RamajayamRakesh Ranjan Sanjay Lodha Sudhir Kumar Suprio Basu Yatindra Singh Sisodia Research Support Dhananjay Kumar Singh Himanshu Bhattacharya Jyoti MishraVibha AttriState Supervisors Anita AgarwalKamal SrivastavaNidhi SethNirmal SinghNurul Hasan Reetika SyalShamshad Ansari Umesh BujjiVeena Devi ContentsList of Tables 1 List of Figures 3 List of Abbreviations 6 Surveyed States 8 Acknowledgement 9

4 Introduction 10 Chapter 1: Let the Numbers Speak: police Performance Review 14 Chapter 2: Experience with the police 33 Chapter 3: Trust in police 54 Chapter 4: People s Perception of Discrimination by the police 70 Chapter 5: Fear of police and Attitudes towards its Excesses 90 Chapter 6: People s Perception on Different Aspects of Policing 105 Chapter 7: Analysing CAG Audit Reports 124 Chapter 8: Conclusion 133 Appendix 1: Technical details of study design and sample 141 Appendix 2: Questionnaire 144 Appendix 3: Details of how the indices were constructed 154 Appendix 4: Details of state rankings 160 Appendix 5: State wise findings from the survey 171 Appendix 6a: police performance review using official data 185 Appendix 6b: police performance review using objective data 192 Appendix 7: States compliance with Supreme Court directives 201 Appendix 8.

5 CAG Report on Modernisation of police 205 Status of Policing in India Report 2018 | 1 List of TablesTable no. Title of the tablesPage no. Table Crime rate index 18 Table Disposal of cases by police and courts index 22 Table diversity Index 23 Table police infrastructure Index 24 Table data index 26 Table of cases of crimes against SCs, STs, women and children Index 28 Table of state performance 30 Table of police contact by caste 37 Table of FIR registration by locality and gender 40 Table of complaint/ FIR across localities and gender 41 Table Muslims and OBCs are most likely to have paid bribe on contacting the police 42 Table ranking of responses about satisfaction with police help after having contacted it 43 Table ranking of responses on incidence of crime 45 Table perception on police s investigation of crime 48 Table of safety among

6 People at different times of the day 50 Table castes most vocal about greater police presence 51 Table in local police by state 56 Table in senior police by state 57 Table in West Bengal, Assam and Jharkhand most willing to send their child to the police station if need arises 58 Table of states in terms of trust in police 62 Table with police performance and its impact on levels of trust in it 63 Table in police and its impact on satisfaction with its performance 63 Table of states in terms of satisfaction with police performance 64 Table levels highest for those who believe police intentionally implicates 65 Table of corruption and level of trust for local police 65 Table Perception of

7 Corruption and level of trust for senior police officer 65 Table of corruption and level of trust for traffic police 65 Table with police helps aid trust level66 Table with the help provided by police is positively related to willingness to approach it again 67 Table Dissatisfaction in Muslims most in states with very bad Muslim representation 68 Table representation of women in police leads to dissatisfaction with police among women 68 Table State-wise opinion on caste-based discrimination by the police 74 Table of castes and communities on police impartiality in the event of a caste strife 75 Table opinion on religious discrimination by the police 77 Table State-wise opinion on gender discrimination by the police 802 | Status of Policing in India Report 2018 Table opinion on class-based discrimination 82 Table opinion on state-based discrimination84 Table ranking based on overall perception of discrimination 86 Table on false implication of marginalized communities by the police 86 Table opinion on false implication of SCs in

8 Petty crimes 87 Table opinion on false implication of tribals on Maoist charges 87 Table opinion on false implication of Muslims in terrorism related cases 88 Table most fearful of being beaten up by the police 91 Table responses about fear of police : Punjab is the most afraid 92 Table most fearful where their numbers are low 94 Table highest when one believes police is highly discriminatory 96 Table between awareness and fear of police : fear increases with awareness 97 Table very fearful of police if 97 Table who believe police falsely implicates their community in terror related cases are most fearful of it 97 Table STs who believe police falsely implicates them are three times more likely to be highly fearful of it than those who don t 98 Table fearful respondents most likely to have a negative perception of the police 98 Table Fear increases the level of partiality people perceive in the police 98 Table afraid of the police are less likely to

9 Approach them 99 Table leads to a demand for lesser police presence99 Table State-wise arrangement of scores showing attitudes towards police violence 100 Table for police likely to influence attitudes towards police brutality 102 Table in Jharkhand are most aware about quite a few cases involving police violence 103 Table levels lowest for traffic police 106 Table police thought to be least corrupt107 Table tribes most likely to hold a negative perception of the police 110 Table and Himachal Pradesh have the most positive perception of police 111 Table People with a negative perception of the police least likely to seek police help 111 Table Extent of interference in the police s functioning in one s area112 Table on the question of police independence 113 Table perception of police greatest among those who don t see police as independent 113 Table Sympathy for the police increases with improvement in the literacy levels of respondents 116 Table Ranking of states on sympathy for police s working conditions 117 Table depends

10 On sympathy levels for police 118 Table Responses to questions on women working in the police force 120 Table Gender based responses on women working in the police force 120 Table Overall favorability towards women in the police force 121 Table Young women more favorable towards having women in police than older women 121 Table favorability towards