Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021 Unmasking ...

1 Unmasking disparities by ethnicity, caste and genderGlobal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021 OPHIO xford Poverty & Human Development InitiativeEmpowered lives. Resilient nations. For a list of any errors and omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit and @ 2021By the United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeThe team that created this report included Sabina Alkire, Jacob Assa, Cecilia Calder n, Agustin Casarini, Pedro Concei o, Jakob Dirksen, Fernanda Pavez Esbry, Maya Evans, Admir Jahic, Usha Kanagaratnam, Fanni Kovesdi, Ricardo Nogales, Davina Osei, Ayush Patel, Carolina Rivera, Sophie Scharlin-Pettee.

2 Marium Soomro, Nicolai Suppa, Heriberto Tapia and Yanchun Zhang. Research assistants included Derek Apell, Alexandra Fortacz, Rolando Gonzales, Putu Natih, Beverlyne Nyamemba and Dyah Pritadrajati. Maarit Kivilo supported the design work at OPHI. Peer reviewers included Nathalie Bouche, Debbie Budlender, Maren Andrea Jimenez, Martijn Kind, Gonzalo Hernandez Licona, Jonathan Perry, Marta Roig and Frances Stewart. The team would like to thank the editors and layout artists at Communications Development Incorporated led by Bruce Ross-Larson, with Joe Caponio, Christopher Trott and Elaine disparities by ethnicity, caste and genderGLOBAL Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021 Empowered lives.

3 Resilient nations. OPHIO xford Pover ty & Human Dev elopment Initiative ContentsIntroduction 1 What is the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index ? 2PA RT IBUILDING FORWARD WITH EQUITY: WHERE ARE WE NOW? 3 The 2021 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 4 Key findings 4 How did Poverty change during the two decades before the COVID-19 pandemic? 6 Key findings 6 COVID-19 and Multidimensional Poverty around the world 7 Key findings 7 PART IIMULTIDIMENSIONAL Poverty , ETHNICITY, CASTE AND GENDER: REVEALING DISPARITIES 11 Multidimensional Poverty and ethnicity, race and caste 12 Key findings 12 How does Multidimensional Poverty vary by ethnic group?

4 12 Which groups are poorest and how? 13 Multidimensional Poverty by caste in India 15 Multidimensional Poverty through a gendered and intrahousehold lens 16 Key findings 16 Girls and women s education 16 Household headship 17 Appendix 20 Notes 24 References

5 26 STATISTICAL TABLESM ultidimensional Poverty Index : developing countries 29 Multidimensional Poverty Index : changes over time based on harmonized estimates 32 BOXESA1 COVID-19 analysis 21A2 How is the ethnicity/race/cast variable constructed? 22A3 Multidimensional Poverty Index disaggregation by gender of the household head: Definition and descriptive data 22 FIGURES1 In 43 of the 60 countries with both Multidimensional and monetary Poverty estimates.

6 The incidence of Multidimensional Poverty was higher than the incidence of monetary Poverty 52 Three period analyses show Poverty reduction trends are not straight shots 73 Emergency social protection during the COVID-19 pandemic has been less prevalent in countries with high Multidimensional Poverty Index values 84 A large percentage of employed people in countries with high Multidimensional Poverty Index values are nonwage workers 95 The reduction in formal education activities during the COVID-19 pandemic has been higher in countries with high Multidimensional Poverty Index values 106 In Viet Nam ethnic minorities account for nearly half of people living in Multidimensional Poverty but less than 14 percent of the population 137 Indigenous peoples account for 44 percent of the Plurinational State of Bolivia s population, but 75 percent of them live in Multidimensional Poverty 148 Although the Wollof and Sarahule have similar overall Multidimensional Poverty levels.

7 How they are poor varies 159 The incidence and intensity of Multidimensional Poverty in India vary by caste 1610 The Arab States have the highest percentage of multidimensionally poor people who live in households in which no girl or woman has completed six or more years of schooling 1711 The incidence of Multidimensional Poverty in male-headed households is positively correlated with the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls subject to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey 18iiGLOBAL Multidimensional Poverty Index / 2021 IntroductionWhen the Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015, the goal of eliminating Poverty seemed ambitious but possible.

8 The Global communi-ty pledged to leave no one behind by ending Poverty in all its forms, everywhere, including reducing by at least half the proportion of men, women and children living in Poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions by 2030. Five years later, the Global com-munity is being rocked by a public health crisis that has exposed the cracks in social protection systems, health, education and workers guarantees and widened ine-qualities within and across countries While everyone has felt the impact of the COVID-19 pandem-ic, disastrous effects have appeared along the fault lines of ethnicity, race and gender, among as the COVID-19 pandemic threatens devel-opment progress.

9 It presents a window of opportunity to build forward better. The health crisis has high-lighted how interconnected we are through food production lines, the politics of vaccine development and distribution, and tourism, among other ways and how a fair, equitable recovery must put an end to acute Multidimensional findings in this report are a call to action for policymakers everywhere. Across the billion peo-ple who live in the 109 countries studied, more than one in five billion live in Multidimensional pov-erty.

10 Half of Global multidimensionally poor people are children. And although prepandemic multidi-mensional Poverty levels were declining, the poorest countries lacked emergency social protections during the COVID-19 pandemic and could suffer the most. Disparities across ethnic and racial groups are greater than disparities across more than 1,200 subnational regions. Indigenous peoples are the poorest in most Latin American countries covered. Nearly two-thirds of multidimensionally poor people live in households in which no girl or woman has completed at least six years of report provides a comprehensive picture of acute Multidimensional Poverty to inform the work of countries and communities building a more just future for the Global poor.