Global Politics - Peda.net

1 Global 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iiGlobal PoliticsANDREW 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iii Andrew Heywood 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of thispublication may be made without written portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmittedsave with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licencepermitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publicationmay be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act published 2011 byPALGRAVE MACMILLANP algrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke.

2 Hampshire RG21 Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC,175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Macmillan is the Global academic imprint of the above companiesand has companies and representatives throughout the and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States,the United Kingdom, Europe and other 978-1-4039-8982-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fullymanaged and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturingprocesses are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of thecountry of catalogue record for this book is available from the British catalog record for this book is available from the Library of 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed in 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ivFor Oliver, Freya, Dominic and 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page vThis page intentionally left blank1 Introducing Global Politics12 Historical Context253 Theories of Global Politics534 The Economy in a Global Age835 The State and Foreign Policy in a Global Age1116 Society in a Global Age1367 The Nation in a Global Age1578 Identity,Culture and Challenges to the West1819 Power and Twenty-first Century World Order20910 War and Peace23911 Nuclear Proliferation and Disarmament 26312 Terrorism28213 Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention30314 International Law 33115 Poverty and Development35216 Global Environmental Issues38317 Gender in Global Politics41218 International Organization and the United Nations43219 Global Governance and the Bretton Woods System45620 Regionalism and Global Politics48021 Global Futures507 Brief 20/12/10 2.

3 22 pm Page viiThis page intentionally left blankList of Illustrative MaterialxivPrefacexixAcknowledgementsxxi i1 Introducing Global Politics1 WHAT IS Global Politics ?2 What s in a name?2 From international Politics to Global politics3 Globalization and its implications9 LENSES ON Global POLITICS12 Mainstream perspectives12 Critical perspectives15 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN Global POLITICS17 Power17 Security19 Justice21 USING THIS BOOK212 Historical Context25 MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD26 From ancient to modern 26 Rise of the West27 Age of imperialism28 THE SHORT TWENTIETH CENTURY:1914 9029 Origins of World War I29 Road to World War II32 End of Empires36 Rise and fall of the Cold War38 THE WORLD SINCE 199044A new world order ?449/11 and the war on terror 45 Shifting balances within the Global economy 503 Theories of Global Politics53 MAINSTREAM PERSPECTIVES54 Realism54 Liberalism61 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES67 Marxism, neo-Marxism and critical theory67 Social constructivism71 Poststructuralism73 Feminism74 Green politics75 Postcolonialism76 THINKING GLOBALLY77 Challenge of interconnectedness77 Cosmopolitanism79 Paradigms: enlightening or constraining?

4 814 The Economy in a Global Age83 CAPITALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM84 Capitalisms of the 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ixxCONTENTST riumph of neoliberalism90 Implications of neoliberalism91 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION93 Causes of economic globalization93 How globalized is economic life?96 Global CAPITALISM IN CRISIS 100 Explaining booms and slumps100 Lessons of the Great Crash103 Modern crises and contagions 1045 The State and Foreign Policy in a Global Age111 STATES AND STATEHOOD IN FLUX112 States and sovereignty112 The state and globalization114 State transformation118 Return of the state121 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE123 From government to governance123 Multi-level governance126 FOREIGN POLICY128 End of foreign policy?128 How decisions are made1296 Society in a Global Age136 SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS: THICK TO THIN?137 From industrialization to post-industrialism137 New technology and information society 138 Risk, uncertainty and insecurity141 GLOBALIZATION, CONSUMERISM AND THE INDIVIDUAL145 Social and cultural implications of globalization145 Consumerism goes global146 Rise of individualism147 Global CIVIL SOCIETY150 Explaining Global civil society150 Transnational social movements and NGOs152 Globalization from below?

5 1557 The Nation in a Global Age 157 NATIONALISM AND WORLD POLITICS158 Making sense of nationalism158A world of nation-states161 Nationalism, war and conflict165 NATIONS IN A Global WORLD166A world on the move168 Transnational communities and diasporas171 Hybridity and multiculturalism173 NATIONALISM REVIVED175 National self-assertion in the post-Cold War period175 Rise of cultural and ethnic nationalism178 Anti-globalization nationalism1798 Identity,Culture and Challenges to the West181 RISE OF IDENTITY POLITICS182 Westernization as modernization182 Politics of collective identity183Is cultural conflict inevitable?187 RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM189 Religion and politics189 The fundamentalist upsurge192 CHALLENGES TO THE WEST194 Postcolonialism194 Asian values195 Islam and the West197 Nature of political Islam197 The West and the Muslim question 2059 Power and Twenty-first Century World Order209 POWER AND Global POLITICS210 Power as 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xCONTENTSxiRelational power and structural power211 Changing nature of power213 POST-COLD WAR Global ORDER216 End of Cold War bipolarity216 The new world order and its fate217US HEGEMONY AND Global ORDER220 Rise to hegemony220 The war on terror and beyond222 Benevolent or malign hegemony?

6 226A MULTIPOLAR Global ORDER?228 Rise of multipolarity228 Multipolar order or disorder?23410 War and Peace239 NATURE OF WAR240 Types of war240 Why do wars occur?241 War as a continuation of politics243 CHANGING FACE OF WAR245 From old wars to new wars?245 Postmodern warfare251 JUSTIFYING WAR254 Realpolitik254 Just war theory256 Pacifism26011 Nuclear Proliferation and Disarmament 263 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION264 Nature of nuclear weapons264 Proliferation during the Cold War266 Proliferation in the post-Cold War era267 NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT273 Arms control and anti-proliferation strategies273A world free of nuclear weapons?27812 Terrorism282 UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM283 Defining terrorism283 Rise of new terrorism285 SIGNIFICANCE OF TERRORISM289Te r ro ri s m go e s g l o b a l ?289 Catastrophic terrorism?291 COUNTERING TERRORISM296 Strengthening sate security 296 Military repression298 Political deals30013 Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention303 HUMAN RIGHTS304 Defining human rights 304 Protecting human rights309 Challenging human rights316 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION318 Rise of humanitarian intervention318 Conditions for humanitarian intervention324 Does humanitarian intervention work?

7 32714 International Law 331 NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW332 What is law?332 Sources of international law334 Why is international law obeyed?337 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN FLUX339 From international law to world law?339 Developments in the laws of war344 International tribunals and the International Criminal Court34615 Poverty and Development352 UNDERSTANDING POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT353 Defining and measuring poverty353 Development: competing 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xixiiCONTENTSA MORE UNEQUAL WORLD?360 Making sense of Global inequality360 Contours of Global inequality363 Globalization, poverty and inequality365 Does Global inequality matter?368 DEVELOPMENT AND THE Politics OF AID369 Structural adjustment programmes and beyond369 International aid and the development ethic372 Debt relief and fair trade37816 Global Environmental Issues383 THE RISE OF GREEN POLITICS384 The environment as a Global issue384 Green Politics : reformism or radicalism?

8 386 CLIMATE CHANGE391 Causes of climate change392 Consequences of climate change395 How should climate change be tackled?399 Why is international cooperation so difficult to achieve?402 RESOURCE SECURITY406 Resources, power and prosperity40817 Gender in Global Politics412 FEMINISM, GENDER AND Global POLITICS413Va r i e t i e s o f f e m i n i s m4 1 3 Gender lenses on Global politics416 GENDERING Global POLITICS418 Gendered states and gendered nations418 Gendering security, war and armed conflict422 Gender, globalization and development42618 International Organization and the United Nations432 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION433 Rise of international organization433 Why are international organizations created 434 THE UNITED NATIONS435 From the League to the UN435 Promoting peace and security440 Does UN peacekeeping work?445 Promoting economic and social development446 Future of the UN: challenges and reform44819 Global Governance and the Bretton Woods System456 Global GOVERNANCE?

9 455 What Global governance is, and is not455 Global governance: myth or reality?459 Global ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE:THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM459 Making of the Bretton Woods system460 Fate of the Bretton Woods system464 EVALUATING Global ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE465 The International Monetary Fund465 The World Bank458 The World Trade Organization470 REFORMING THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM473 Global economic governance and the 2007 09 crisis473 Obstacles to reform47620 Regionalism and Global Politics480 REGIONS AND REGIONALISM481 Nature of regionalism481 Why regionalism?484 Regionalism and globalization489 Regional integration outside Europe 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xiiEUROPEAN INTEGRATION494 What is the EU?495 The EU and the world500 The EU in crisis?50121 Global Futures507 IMAGES AND REALITY508 CONTENDING IMAGES OF THE Global FUTURE508A borderless world?509A world of democracies?512 Civilizations in conflict?

10 513A Chinese century?514 The growth of international community?516 The rise of the Global South?518 The coming environmental catastrophe?519 Towards cosmopolitan democracy?520AN UNKNOWABLE FUTURE? 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xiiiGlobal Politics in actionSeptember 11 and Global security21 Fall of the Berlin Wall43 Paris Peace Conference 1919 2059 Global financial crisis 2007 09108 The invasion of Iraq 2003131 The Rio Earth Summit , 1992153 The rise and fall of Yugoslavia167 Iran s Islamic Revolution 200 The 2008 Russian war with Georgia232 The war in Afghanistan as a just war 259 The birth of the nuclear era265 The 2002 Bali bombings292 Humanitarian intervention in East Timor323 The Nuremberg Trials335 The Year of Africa 380 The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen403 Gendered violence in anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat421 The UN and Iraq443 The collapse of Bretton Woods446 The EU expands to the east504 Global actorsNon-governmental organizations (NGO)6 United States of America (USA)46 The anti-capitalist movement70 Transnational corporations99 Group of Twenty (G-20)