GLOSSARY

1 PRONUNCIATION KEYS ymbolExamplesSymbolExamplesSymbolExample sBat, gasmman, seemvvan, saveAape, daynnight, mittenwweb, twice father, barnngsing, angeryyard, lawyer rfair, dareJodd, notzzoo, reasonbbell, tableIopen, road, growzhtreasure, garagechchin, lunch awful, bought, horseEawake, even, pencil,ddig, boredoicoin, boypilot, focusDegg, tenMlook, fullErperform, letterCevil, see, mealLroot, glue, throughffall, laugh,phraseouout, cowSounds in Foreign Wordsggold, bigppig, capKHGermanich, auch;hhit, inhalerrose, starScottishlochhwwhite, everywheressit, faceNFrenchentre, bon, finGinch, fitshshe, mash Frenchfeu, coeur;Fidle, my, triedttap, hoppedGermansch n rdear, hereththing, with Frenchutile, rue;jjar, gem, badgeththen, otherGermangr nkkeep,cat, luckOup, nutlload, rattle rfur,earn, bird, wormSTRESS MARKSPThis mark indicates that the preceding syllable receives the primary stress.

2 For example, in the word lineage,the first syllable is stressed: [lGnPC-Gj].QThis mark is used only in words in which more than one syllable is stressed. It indicates that the preceding syllable is stressed, but somewhat more weakly than the syllable receiving the primary stress. In the word consumerism,forexample, the second syllable receives the primary stress, and the fourth syllable receives a weaker stress: [kEn-sLPmE-rGzQEm].Adapted from The American Heritage Dictionar y of the English Language, Fourth Edition;Copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Used with the permission of Houghton Mifflin GLOSSARY is an alphabetical listing of many of the key terms from the chapters, along with their meanings. The definitions listed in the GLOSSARY arethe ones that apply to the way the words are used in this textbook.

3 The Glossarygives the part of speech of each word. The following abbreviations are used: to end slaver y. (p. 144)affirmative[E-f rPmE-tGv] policy that seeks to correctthe effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups whowere previously disadvantaged. (pp. 723, 831)Agent toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts. (p. 739)Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) law enacted in 1933to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amountof their land unplanted, thus lowering production. (p. 491)AIDS[Adz](acquired immune deficiency syndrome) disease caused by a virus that weakens the immune system,making the body prone to infections and other wise rare forms ofcancer. (p. 840)Alamo, the[BlPE-mIQ] mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas,where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836.

4 (p. 134)Alien and Sedition[APlC-En] [sG-dGshPEn] series of fourlaws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recentimmigrants to the United States. (p. 78)BAlliance[E-lFPEns]for foreign-aid program of the 1960s, providing economic and technical assistance to LatinAmerican countries. (p. 680)Allies[BlPFz] World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and others that opposed the CentralPowers (p. 373). World War II, the group of nations including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States that opposed the Axis powers. (p. 554)American Expeditionary[DkQspG-dGshPE-nDrPC]Force (AEF) forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with theAllies in Europe during World War I. (p. 384)American Federation of Labor (AFL) alliance of trade andcraft unions, formed in 1886.

5 (p. 245)American Indian Movement (AIM) frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 to work for Native Americanrights. (p. 771)Americanization[E-mDrQG-kE-nG-zAPshE n] program designed to help immigrants assimilate toAmerican culture. (p. 263)American pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvementsas the development of a transportation system. (p. 122)anarchist[BnPEr-kGst] person who opposes all forms of government. (p. 413)Anasazi[ QnE-s PzC] Native American group that lived on themesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four Cornersregion (where the present-day states of Arizona, New Mexico,Colorado, and Utah meet) from about 100 to 1300. (p. 5)Antifederalist[BnQtC-fDdPEr-E-lGst] opponent of a strong central government.

6 (p. 69)appeasement[E-pCzPmEnt] granting of concessions to a hostile power in order to keep the peace. (p. 538)Appomattox[BpQE-mBtPEks]Court nearAppomatox, Virginia, where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9,1865. (37 N 79 W) (p. 181) method of settling disputes in which both sides sub-mit their differences to a mutually approved judge. (p. 245)armistice[ rPmG-stGs] truce, or agreement to end an armedconflict. (p. 387)Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) southernVietnamese soldiers with whom troops fought against com-munism and forces in the North during the Vietnam War. (p. 737)Articles of Confederation[kEn-fDdQE-rAPshEn] document,adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finallyapproved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States. (p.)

7 67)Ashcan group of early 20th-centur y American artistswho often painted realistic pictures of city life such as tene-ments and homeless people thus earning them their name. (p. 295)assimilation[E-sGmQE-lAPshEn] minority group s adoption of thebeliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. (p. 206)Atlantic 1941 declaration of principles in which theUnited States and Great Britain set forth their goals in opposingthe Axis powers. (p. 554)Axis[BkPsGs] group of nations including Germany,Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allies in World War II. (p. 551)Aztec[BzPtDkQ] Native American people that settled in the Valleyof Mexico in the 1200s and later developed a power fulempire. (p. 5)baby sharp increase in the birthrate followingWorld War II. (p. 643)Battle of the month-long battle of World War II, in which the Allies succeeded in turning back the last major Germanoffensive of the war.

8 (p. 576)Battle of World War II battle that took place in earlyJune 1942. The Allies decimated the Japanese fleet at Midway, anisland lying northwest of Hawaii. The Allies then took the offensivein the Pacific and began to move closer to Japan. (p. 579)Battle of Wounded Knee[wLnPdGd nCP] massacre soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded KneeCreek, South Dakota, in 1890. (pp. 207 208)Beatles, the[bCtPlz] British band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s. (p. 783)beat social and artistic movement of the 1950s,stressing unrestrained literar y self-expression and nonconformitywith the mainstream culture. (p. 655)Benin[bE-nGnP] West African kingdom that flourished in theNiger Delta region (in what is now Nigeria) from the 14th to the17th centur y. (p. 9)Berlin airlift[b r-lGnP rPlGftQ] 327-day operation in which British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin afterthe Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.

9 (p. 607)Berlin concrete wall that separated East Berlin and WestBerlin from 1961 to 1989, built by the Communist East Germangovernment to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West. (p. 677)Bessemer[bDsPE-mEr] cheap and efficient processfor making steel, developed around 1850. (p. 231)Bill of first ten amendments to the Constitution,added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizens rightsand freedoms. (p. 70)bimetallism[bF-mDtPl-GzQEm] use of both gold and silver as abasis for a national monetar y system. (p. 222)blacklist[blBkPlGstQ] list of about 500 actors, writers, producers,and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood filmsbecause of their alleged Communist connections. (p. 618)Black militant African-American political organizationformed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight policebrutality and to provide ser vices in the ghetto.

10 (p. 720)Black slogan used by Stokely Carmichael in the 1960sthat encouraged African-American pride and political and socialleadership. (p. 720)Black name given to October 29, 1929, when stockprices fell sharply. (p. 468)blitzkrieg[blGtsPkrCgQ] the German word meaning lightningwar, a sudden, massive attack with combined air and groundforces, intended to achieve a quick victor y. (p. 539)bonanza[bE-nBnPzE] enormous farm on which a singlecrop is grown. (p. 218)R54 GLOSSARYCB onus[bIPnEs] group of World War I veterans and theirfamilies who marched on Washington, , in 1932 to demandthe immediate payment of a bonus they had been promised formilitary service. (p. 482)bootlegger[bLtPlDgQEr] person who smuggled alcoholic beverages into the United States during Prohibition. (p. 437) boston massacre [b PstEn mBsPE-kEr] clash between Britishsoldiers and boston colonists in 1770, in which five of thecolonists were killed.