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GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE - Web Japan

TheConstitutionofJapan,whichcameintoeffe ctin1947,isbasedontheprinciplesofpopular sovereignty,respectforfundamentalhumanri ghts, separationofpowers, theactivitiesofthenationalgovernmentaref ormallydividedintolegislative,judicial, STRUCTUREC hanging with the timesTheemperoris thesymboloftheStateandunityofthepeople. Theemperorappointstheprimeministerbasedo nthenominationoftheDiet,chiefjudgeoftheS upremeCourtbasedontheappointmentoftheCab inet,andperforms onlysuchactsinmattersofstate asprovidedforintheconstitutionalongwitht headviceandapprovalofthecabinet,suchaspr omulgationofamendmentsoftheconstitution, laws,cabinetordersandtreaties,convocatio noftheDiet,dissolutionoftheHouseofRepres entatives, STRUCTUREDietBuildingCompleted in 1936, the Diet Building is built from domestically quarried granite and covers an area of 13,356 square meters in Nagatacho,Tokyo. Photo courtesy of AFLO Separation of PowerstheDietis thehighestorganofstatepower.

Protection Commission, Financial Services Agency and Consumer Affairs Agency. In addition to the ministers of state for special missions, the Cabinet Office also includes the following five important policy councils: Council for Science and Technology and Innovation, Central Disaster Management Council, Council for Gender Equality, Council

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Transcription of GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE - Web Japan

1 TheConstitutionofJapan,whichcameintoeffe ctin1947,isbasedontheprinciplesofpopular sovereignty,respectforfundamentalhumanri ghts, separationofpowers, theactivitiesofthenationalgovernmentaref ormallydividedintolegislative,judicial, STRUCTUREC hanging with the timesTheemperoris thesymboloftheStateandunityofthepeople. Theemperorappointstheprimeministerbasedo nthenominationoftheDiet,chiefjudgeoftheS upremeCourtbasedontheappointmentoftheCab inet,andperforms onlysuchactsinmattersofstate asprovidedforintheconstitutionalongwitht headviceandapprovalofthecabinet,suchaspr omulgationofamendmentsoftheconstitution, laws,cabinetordersandtreaties,convocatio noftheDiet,dissolutionoftheHouseofRepres entatives, STRUCTUREDietBuildingCompleted in 1936, the Diet Building is built from domestically quarried granite and covers an area of 13,356 square meters in Nagatacho,Tokyo. Photo courtesy of AFLO Separation of PowerstheDietis thehighestorganofstatepower.

2 ItisformallyspecifiedthattheDiet,astheco reofJapan ssystemofgovernance,takesprecedenceovert hegovernment ,whoheadstheexecutivebranch, ,thesystemissimilartothatofGreatBritain, butdifferentfromthatoftheUnitedStates, :thelowerchamber,ortheHouseofRepresentat ives,andtheupperchamber, no-confidencemotions ,ontheotherhand, setupanimpeachmentcourtfromamongthemembe rsofbothhousesinordertotryanyjudgesagain stwhomremovalproceedingshavebeeninstitut ed. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of GovernmentJapan sDietisdesignatedintheconstitutionas thehighestorganofstatepower. ,towhichalmostallDietmembersbelong, , solelaw-makingorganoftheState. ,suchasapprovingthenationalbudget,ratify inginternationaltreaties, :ordinary,extraordinary, ,whichisconvenedonceayearduringJanuarywi thatermof150days,playsthecentralrolebeca usethatiswhereDietmembersdeliberateonthe nextyear ,thelatterpredominatesindecisionsonlegis lation,designationoftheprimeminister,bud getarymatters, ,ifabillispassedbytheHouseofRepresentati vesbuttheHouseofCouncilorsdeliberatesoth erwise(rejectingthebillorinsistingonalte rations), STRUCTUREThe Prime Minister s official residence and workplaceCabinet meetings are held here.

3 (Photo courtesy of AFLO)House of Representatives The Diet is divided into the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. Only citizens 25 years old and over are eligible for electionInto the House of , ,289arechosenaccordingtothesingle-seatco nstituencysystem, , , ,ofthe245currentseats, , ,themajorityofwhosemembersmustcomefromth eDiet, ,whoheadsthecabinet,hastherighttoappoint anddismissministersofstate(kokumidoujin) ,accordingtotheconstitution, , executivepowershallbevestedintheCabinet. However,thecabinethasunderitscontrolThe Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government3 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE andcoordinationanumberofministriesandoth ercentraladministrativeorganstowhichitde legatestheexerciseandcontrolofmanyroutin etasksofJapan ,inJanuary2001theexecutivebranchofthegov ernmentunderwentanextensivereorganizatio ninwhichthenumberofexistingministriesand ministry-levelcommissionsandagencies,22a tthattime, ,thecabinetincludes13ministries(asof2019 ),includingtheMinistryofDefense,towhicht heDefenseAgencyshiftedinJanuary2007,andt heReconstructionAgency(createdin2012).

4 Asof2017, , :FairTradeCommission,NationalPublicSafet yCommission,PersonalInformationProtectio nCommission, ,theCabinetOfficealsoincludesthefollowin gfiveimportantpolicycouncils:CouncilforS cienceandTechnologyandInnovation,Central DisasterManagementCouncil,CouncilforGend erEquality,CouncilonEconomicandFiscalPol icy, ,theCabinetOffice,theministries,andtheva riousagenciesandcommissionsareknownasthe centralgovernmentoffices(chuoshocho).Aso f2016, Japan ,personswhoareengagedinadministrativeact ivitiesinthevariouscentralgovernmentoffi ces,includingviceministers(jimujikan)and allordinarypublicservantsoflesserrank,ar eselectedonthebasisofnationalpublicservi ceexaminations; ,theprivatizationofJapanNationalRailways ,andthemorerecentprivatizationoftheposta lservicein2007,thenumberofnationalpublic servantsstoodatabout585, ,beforetheministrieswerereorganized, allpublicofficialsareservantsofthewholec ommunityandnotofanygroupthereof.

5 InJapan,theindependentstandingofthejudic ialbranchofgovernmentisprotected,andthec onstitutionstipulatesthat nodisciplinaryactionagainstjudgesshallbe administeredbyanyexecutiveorganoragency. Alllegalconflicts,whetherofacivil,admini strative,orcriminalnature, ,theSupremeCourtisJapan ,whosenumbersandEnglishdesignations(asof December2016)areasfollows:8highcourts,50 districtcourts,50familycourts, ,noso-calledextraordinarytribunalistobee stablished, norshallanyorganoragencyoftheExecutivebe givenfinaljudicialpower. Accordingtoarticle6oftheconstitution, theEmperorshallappointtheChiefJudgeofthe SupremeCourt,asdesignatedbytheCabinet, ,asindicatedintheLawonCourts,onemustbeap erson ofhigh4 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE discernment,wellgroundedinlaw,andatleast 40yearsold. Aminimumof10membersmustbeselectedfromamo ngthosewhodistinguishthemselvesasjudges, publicprosecutors,lawyers,andprofessorso rassistantprofessorsinlegalscienceinuniv ersities; , , ,includingtheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCou rtandfourteenjudges, ,referredbyoneofthepettybenches,thatinvo lveconstitutionalquestions,precedents, ,theSupremeCourthastheauthoritytosetrule sonlitigationprocedures,togetherwithothe rspecialrightsofjudicialadministration, scourtsystemisbasicallyathree-trialsyste minwhichpartiestoadispute followingacourthearinganddecision havetherighttoundergotwoadditionalcourth earingsanddecisions,asstipulatedbythepro ceduresforappeal(koso)and,ultimately,fin alappeal(jokoku).

6 However, , ,theActConcerningParticipationofLayAsses sorsinCriminalTrialswaspassedbasedonther ecommendationsoftheJudicialReformCouncil , Supreme CourtThe Supreme CourtThe highest judicial organ of STRUCTURE system, in which ordinary individuals chosen from among Japan s citizens deliberate alongside judges at designated criminal trials, went into effect on May 21, 2009. The first trial under the new system took place on August 3 at the Tokyo District Court.