Greg Richards (1996, ed.) Cultural Tourism in …

1 Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 1 &8/785$/ 7285,60 ,1 (8523( (GLWHG E\ *UHJ 5 LFKDUGV 2 ULJLQDOO\ SXEOLVKHG E\ &$% ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DOOLQJIRUG 8. 5H LVVXHG LQ LQ HOHFWURQLF IRUPDW E\ WKH $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU 7 RXULVP DQG /HLVXUH (GXFDWLRQ $7/$6 ZZZ DWODV HXUR RUJ $7/$6 Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 2 &8/785$/ 7285,60 ,1 (8523( (GLWHG E\ *UHJ 5 LFKDUGV 3$57 &XOWXUDO 7 RXULVP LQ &RQWH[W Chapter 1: Introduction: Culture and Tourism in Europe 8 Greg Richards Chapter 2: The Scope and Significance of Cultural Tourism 21 Greg Richards Chapter 3: The Social Context of Cultural Tourism 39 Greg Richards Chapter 4: The Economic Context of Cultural Tourism 53 Chris Gratton and Greg Richards Chapter 5: The Policy Context of Cultural Tourism 67 Greg Richards 3$57 1 DWLRQDO $QDO\VHV Chapter 6: Cultural Tourism in Belgium 80 Wil Munsters Chapter 7: Cultural Tourism in Denmark 91 Anne-Mette Hjalager Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.))))))))]

2 Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 3 Chapter 8: Cultural Tourism in France 107 Michel Bauer Chapter 9: Cultural Tourism in Germany 122 Peter Roth and Alfred Langemeyer Chapter 10: Cultural Tourism in Greece 134 Helene Kalogeropoulou Chapter 11: Cultural Tourism in Ireland 143 Gearoid O Donnchadha and Brian O Connor Chapter 12: Cultural Tourism in Italy 156 Jan van der Borg and Paolo Costa Chapter 13: Cultural Tourism in the Netherlands 170 Greg Richards Chapter 14: Cultural Tourism in Portugal 181 Herm no de Carvalho Curado Chapter 15: Cultural Tourism in Spain 195 Concepci n Maiztegui-O ate and Maria Teresa Areitio Bertol n Chapter 16: Cultural Tourism in the United Kingdom 204 Malcolm Foley Chapter 17: European Cultural Tourism : Trends and Future Prospects 225 Greg Richards References 242 Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.)

3 Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 4 /LVW RI 7 DEOHV Table : Growth of museums in the UK, 1860-1989 Table : Motivations of tourists visiting Burgos Cathedral (Spain), Nottingham Castle (UK) and Paleis Het Loo (Netherlands) Table : ATLAS Cultural Tourism research - survey site profile Table : European Cities of Culture, 1985 - 1999 Table : Length of stay for foreign tourists by country of origin Table : Heritage activities of overseas visitors in Britain, 1990 Table : Factors attracting Japanese visitors to Europe, 1994 Table Frequency of museum visiting among the French population Table : Cities with more than ten Cultural attractions listed in the European inventory of Cultural Tourism resources. Table : Government expenditures for culture: ten European countries, central and state levels 1985 (Euro) Table : Expenditure at heritage attractions in Ireland, 1991 Table : Spending by Edinburgh Festival visitors Table : Cultural expenditure in selected cities, 1990 Table General typology of Cultural Tourism resources Table : Number of visitors to Open Monument Days in Belgium Table : Numbers of visitors to Europalia, 1969-1993 Table : Market segments of the Belgian art cities (1990) Table : Origin of foreign tourists staying in Bruges (1990) Table : Strengths and weaknesses of Belgian art cities Table : Number and development of enterprises/institutions within the fine arts, 1980-1990 Table.

4 The provision of Cultural tourist resources in Denmark, 1994 Table : Public funds (state and local government) for fine arts, Euro per inhabitant, Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 5 1980 and 1992 (1992 prices) Table : Attendance in thousands to certain fine arts attractions Table : Visits to museums by foreign tourists, 1992 Table : Classified historic monuments by category, 1988 and 1991 Table : Cultural supply in French Communes, 1980-1991 Table : Most visited monuments and museums, 1992. Table : Exhibitions in the National Museums attracting over 500,000 visitors Table : Culture as a motive for Tourism , 1983-1991 Table : Attendances at the three major musicals: Cats, Starlight Express and Phantom of the Opera Table : Reasons for choosing Greece as a holiday destination, 1984-85.

5 Table : Origin of visitors interviewed at three Cultural sites, summer 1992. Table : Cultural Attractions visited in Greece Table : Importance of Cultural attraction in decision by foreign tourists to visit location Table : Occupations connected with culture - foreign tourists Table : Overseas tourists and expenditure, Ireland, 1988-1992. Table : Overseas tourists and expenditure in Ireland by origin Table : Overseas tourists to Ireland - trip characteristics 1992 Table : Visitors to Irish Cultural attractions, 1991 and 1993. Table : Visits to Cultural attractions at home, on previous holiday and current holiday Table : Visits to Muckross House, County Kerry Table : Entrance charges for Muckross House, 1994 Table : Density of heritage structures in Italian Provinces Table : Publicly owned heritage by region and government level Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.)

6 Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 6 Table : Demand for national heritage between 1984-1993 Table : Paid and free admission to Italian heritage attractions Table : Cultural Tourism demand in Italy Table : Visitors to the National Museum Accademia, Venice Table : Proportion of foreign tourists visiting the Netherlands for museums, old buildings or historic cities by nationality, 1988. Table : Origin of foreign visitors to the Rembrandt exhibition at the Rijksmuseum, 1991/92 Table : Distribution of foreign tourists in Portugal by region 1979 and 1992 Table : Domestic Tourism by region, 1993 Table : Portuguese holiday motivations, 1989-1990. Table : General inventory of Portuguese tourist resources Table : Typology of Portuguese Cultural Tourism resources Table : Internal structure of gross added value in Portuguese Tourism , 1989 Table : Investment in the PRODIATEC programme, 1990-1993 Table : Financial Planning of the sub-programme " Tourism and Cultural Heritage" included in the PRODIATEC programme Table : Destination of Spanish tourists, 1991 Table : Visitors to museums in Spain in 1993 Table : Selected activities of particular importance in deciding to visit Britain, 1990 Table : Overseas Visitors as a proportion of all visitors to historic buildings, by region in 1985 and 1992 Table : UK residents - selected activities on domestic holiday trips, 1989 and 1993 Table.

7 Participation in selected leisure activities away from home, by social class 1993-94 Table : Occupations related to culture among UK Cultural visitors Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 7 Table : Selected attractions receiving a minimum of 10,000 visits in 1993 Table : Main sources of income by festival type Table : Average adult admission charge for historic properties, museums and art galleries, 1991-93 Table : Total visitor income for Edinburgh Castle (1983 - 1991) Table : Income per visitor at Edinburgh Castle (1983 - 1991) Source: Historic Scotland Greg Richards ( 1996 , ed.) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford 8 35()$&( The research project on which this book is based began to take shape in 1991, when the European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) was given financial support by DGXXIII of the European Commission for a transnational study of European Cultural Tourism .)

8 The basic reason for establishing the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project was that very little comparative data then existed on European Cultural Tourism . Previous studies had tended to cover individual Cultural Tourism markets, or were generalized conceptual studies. The lack of data was problematic, as the European Commission had designated Cultural Tourism as a key area of Tourism development in Europe in 1990. Without basic data on Cultural Tourism at European level, it is difficult to implement or to evaluate the implementation of Cultural Tourism policies. The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project was therefore designed to provide comparative transnational data on Cultural Tourism , which would serve as a basis for the analysis of Cultural Tourism developments and trends across Europe.

9 Although this was originally envisaged as a fairly limited project, the problems associated with organizing a transnational project and collecting and analysing comparable data ensured that the project extended far beyond its original scope. Assembling a transnational research team from ATLAS institutions in most of the (then) 12 European Community member states posed few problems. At the initial project meeting, however, it soon became clear that differences of culture and language (the Dutch have no word for heritage , for example), had produced very different ideas of what Cultural Tourism meant. Because we wished to produce something which would be of practical and well as academic value, however, we decided to cut the Gordian Knot and define Cultural Tourism in both conceptual and technical terms.

10 This was perhaps an artificial division, but it did allow us to combine basic data collection with more reflective research on the nature of Cultural Tourism in different areas of Europe. It also meant that the research could be truly transnational, with common data collection methods applied at a European level, rather than individual national approaches. Hopefully this book reflects our original desire to combine integrated research techniques with the individual national or regional perspectives which are contributed by the transnational research team. As in all such projects, thanks are due to a large number of individuals and organizations who contributed in different ways to its successful completion. The project would not have been possible without pump-priming funding from DGXXIII of the European Commission, and I am particularly grateful to Matthais Will and other members of the Tourism Unit of DGXXIII for the advice and encouragement that they have given the project over the years.