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GROUNDNUT - Food and Agriculture Organization

GROUNDNUTPost-harvest operations - Post-harvest CompendiumGROUNDNUT: Post-harvest operations Organization : National Research Centre for GROUNDNUT (ICAR) ( ) Authors: Nautiyal, or Edited by AGSI/FAO: Danilo Mejia, PhD (Technical), Beverly Lewis (Language & Style), Last reviewed: 07/06/2002 Contents 3 1. Introduction .. 3 Economic and social impact of 3 World trade .. 7 Primary products .. 9 Secondary and derived products .. 10 Requirements for export and quality assurance .. 11 Consumer preferences .. 13 2. Post-Production operations .. 14 Pre-harvest operations .. 15 Harvesting .. 20 Threshing .. 23 Drying .. 28 Cleaning .. 37 Packaging .. 39 Storage .. 42 Processing .. 47 Marketing and policies .. 75 3. Overall Losses .. 77 Pre-harvest losses due to diseases and pests.

GROUNDNUT: Post-harvest Operations Page 7 Countries like South Africa, India, China and Egypt have good potential to utilize the opportunity to export groundnuts or groundnut products to the developed countries.

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Transcription of GROUNDNUT - Food and Agriculture Organization

1 GROUNDNUTPost-harvest operations - Post-harvest CompendiumGROUNDNUT: Post-harvest operations Organization : National Research Centre for GROUNDNUT (ICAR) ( ) Authors: Nautiyal, or Edited by AGSI/FAO: Danilo Mejia, PhD (Technical), Beverly Lewis (Language & Style), Last reviewed: 07/06/2002 Contents 3 1. Introduction .. 3 Economic and social impact of 3 World trade .. 7 Primary products .. 9 Secondary and derived products .. 10 Requirements for export and quality assurance .. 11 Consumer preferences .. 13 2. Post-Production operations .. 14 Pre-harvest operations .. 15 Harvesting .. 20 Threshing .. 23 Drying .. 28 Cleaning .. 37 Packaging .. 39 Storage .. 42 Processing .. 47 Marketing and policies .. 75 3. Overall Losses .. 77 Pre-harvest losses due to diseases and pests.

2 77 Losses due to weeds .. 79 Drought and yield losses .. 79 Losses due to nutrient deficiencies .. 79 Losses due to peg 79 Losses in post-production system .. 80 Storage losses .. 85 4. Storage Pests .. 88 Major pests species of stored groundnuts .. 88 Relative status of major pests species .. 91 Pest 92 5. Economic and Social 95 Overview of costs and losses .. 96 Major problems .. 101 Gender aspects .. 106 Proposed improvements .. 109 6. References and Further Readings .. 115 GROUNDNUT : Post-harvest operations Page 2 GROUNDNUT : Post-harvest operations Page 3 Preface Groundnuts especially those produced in the developing countries have been used traditionally since the origin of humanity. It is rich in oil and protein and has a high-energy value.

3 Developing countries account for nearly 95 percent of world production. Asia accounts for about 70 percent of this amount where the major producers India and China together represent over two-thirds of global output. Other important producers are Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and Argentina. In most of the developing countries kernels are used for oil extraction, food and as an ingredient in confectionery products. Following extraction, the residual cake is processed largely for animal feed, but is also used for human consumption. The quality attributes that are important for end uses of GROUNDNUT vary among the developed and developing countries. Groundnuts are mainly processed for oil in several developing countries. Even though it is a good protein source, the cake obtained after oil extraction is not utilized to the best advantage.

4 Production of aflatoxin due to the invasion of the fungus Aspergillus flavus to GROUNDNUT pod/kernel is a serious problem in the trade of groundnuts in the international market, which has seriously hampered the export business of the developing countries. Therefore, these countries can no longer rely on monoculture in order to support their growing economies. Under current conditions, crop dependency has made producers vulnerable to losses because of the lower prices paid for the pods and kernels. It is, therefore, imperative for them to diversify their production and create added value through processing thereby reducing risks and opening new local and export markets. There is a necessity to investigate new opportunities for the use of GROUNDNUT as food and confectionery items.

5 Most of the developing countries have poor drying and storage facilities. Under these conditions the seed loses its quality and viability in storage rapidly. The purpose of this publication is to discuss the importance of the post-production system in developing countries and to suggest suitable curing, drying, storage and processing technologies. Advised methods are especially meant for the smallholder farmers and the most diversified uses of GROUNDNUT in confectionery items. 1. Introduction GROUNDNUT , or peanut, is commonly called the poor man's nut. Today it is an important oilseed and food crop. This plant is native to South America and has never been found uncultivated. The botanical name for GROUNDNUT , Arachis hypogaea Linn., is derived from two Greek words, Arachis meaning a legume and hypogaea meaning below ground, referring to the formation of pods in the soil.

6 GROUNDNUT is an upright or prostrate annual plant. It is generally distributed in the tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate zones. Ethnological studies of the major Indian tribes of South America document the widespread culture of GROUNDNUT and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the Spanish Conquest. When the Spaniards returned to Europe they took groundnuts with them. Later traders were responsible for spreading the GROUNDNUT to Asia and Africa where it is now is grown between the latitudes 40 N and 40 S (Pattee and Young, 1982). Economic and social impact of GROUNDNUT China and India together are the world's leading GROUNDNUT producers accounting for nearly 60 percent of the production and 52 percent of the crop area. India cultivates about million hectares and produces million tonnes of GROUNDNUT with the productivity level of kg ha-1.

7 South Africa is the major producer in Africa, while in Latin America almost one half of the total GROUNDNUT produced in that region may be credited to Argentina. Among GROUNDNUT : Post-harvest operations Page 4 the developing countries Egypt has the highest productivity and capacity to produce groundnuts (Table 1). In most of the developing countries, the productivity levels are lower than in the United States of America, mainly due to a number of production constraints such as i.) the cultivation of the crop on marginal lands under rainfed conditions; ii.) Occurrence of frequent drought stress due to vagaries of monsoon; and iii.) higher incidence of disease and pest attacks; iv.) low input-use and v.) factors related to socio-economic infrastructure. Table 1. GROUNDNUT (in-shell) area, yield and production in various developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America during the last decade.

8 Countries Area (000 ha) Yield (t ha-1) Production (000 t) Africa Nigeria 1 798 1 917 Sudan 960 663 Senegal 829 684 Mozambique 279 109 Niger 207 83 Uganda 191 141 Zimbabwe 181 95 Mali 174 155 Tanzania 113 70 Egypt 38 107 Asia China 3 658 9 737 India 7 740 7 609 Indonesia 661 1 159 Myanmar 493 506 Vietnam 239 302 GROUNDNUT : Post-harvest operations Page 5 Countries Area (000 ha) Yield (t ha-1) Production (000 t) Thailand 97 143 Pakistan 98 99 Turkey 30 75 Syria 13 28 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina 214 464 Brazil 93 164 Mexico 82 112 Paraguay 32 35 Source: FAOSTAT, database 1990 to 1998, each figure is average for the period from 1990 to 2000 Especially in the developing countries, GROUNDNUT has to play an important role both as oil and food crop.

9 For example in India about 10 kg GROUNDNUT per capita are available for domestic consumption. Fat and oil consumption averages less than 5 kg per capita per year. It has been estimated that in the year 2000, approximately 34 million Mt of groundnuts were produced worldwider of which 15 million Mt were produced in China, 6 million Mt in India, 2 million Mt in Nigeria, million Mt in United States of America and the rest mostly in other countries. Protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) is a serious problem in the developing world. It is ironic that PCM exist in areas where most of the GROUNDNUT is produced. Assuming the level of production of 34 million Mt of GROUNDNUT in year 2000, there would be about million metric tonnes of GROUNDNUT proteins (after correcting for the kernel yield).

10 Thus there should be about to g of GROUNDNUT protein available per capita per day in the world. This translates into approximately percent of the total protein requirements of the world. The obvious reason for low consumption of GROUNDNUT protein in India is that out of 6 million Mt of groundnuts produced every year, 80 percent are utilized for oil extraction, 12 percent for seed purpose, 2 percent for export and the remaining for edible purposes. The protein rich cake resulting from oil extraction is fed to the animals as protein supplement. The GROUNDNUT utilization system in India is shown in Figure 1. The system remains more or less similar in most of the developing countries, with the exception of South Africa. Similarly in other developing countries, most of the groundnuts are used for extraction of oil for domestic consumption and export.


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