Guide to Pavement Technology Part 4D: Stabilised Materials

1 Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Sydney 2019 Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Edition prepared by: Geoff Jameson Publisher Austroads Ltd. Level 9, 287 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Phone: +61 2 8265 3300 Edition project manager: Graham Hennessy Abstract The use of stabilisation Technology for stabilising and recycling Materials for Pavement construction and maintenance is widely accepted as a cost-effective method of improving long-term performance and reducing whole-of-life costs of modern, heavily-trafficked pavements. Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials described in detail the: types of stabilisation undertaken in improving Pavement Materials and subgrades types of binders used in stabilisation types of Materials suited to particular binders laboratory determination of the type and quantity of binder required to achieve a particular type of Stabilised material (mix design).

2 This part of the Guide to Pavement Technology does not detail quality control aspects of manufacture or performance attributes of Stabilised Materials nor the safety aspects of using specific binders. About Austroads Austroads is the peak organisation of Australasian road transport and traffic agencies. Austroads purpose is to support our member organisations to deliver an improved Australasian road transport network. To succeed in this task, we undertake leading-edge road and transport research which underpins our input to policy development and published guidance on the design, construction and management of the road network and its associated infrastructure. Austroads provides a collective approach that delivers value for money, encourages shared knowledge and drives consistency for road users. Austroads is governed by a Board consisting of senior executive representatives from each of its 11 member organisations: Roads and Maritime Services New South Wales Roads Corporation Victoria Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads Main Roads Western Australia Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure South Australia Department of State Growth Tasmania Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics Northern Territory Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate, Australian Capital Territory Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Australian Local Government Association New Zealand Transport Agency.

3 Keywords Guideline, Pavement Technology , stabilisation, recycling, cement, lime, bitumen, pozzolan, Pavement design, Pavement Materials , specification, construction, compaction, surfacing, performance. Edition published April 2019 Edition corrects Figures and Edition published March 2019 Edition is a complete revision of edition published in 2006 and includes: restructuring the Guide based on stabilisation Materials editorial changes and minor technical changes throughout major technical changes to the guidance relating to cementitiously Stabilised Materials and foamed bitumen Stabilised Materials . Edition published 2006 ISBN 978-1-925854-17-6 Austroads Project No. APT6105 Austroads Publication No. AGPT04D-19 Pages 65 Austroads Ltd 2019 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the prior written permission of Austroads.

4 Acknowledgements Austroads Guide to Stabilisation of Roadworks, Publication No. AP-60/98, prepared by Geoff Youdale. First edition of this Guide prepared by Bob Andrews. This Guide is produced by Austroads as a general Guide . Its application is discretionary. Road authorities may vary their practice according to local circumstances and policies. Austroads believes this publication to be correct at the time of printing and does not accept responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of information herein. Readers should rely on their own skill and judgement to apply information to particular issues. Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Austroads 2019 | page i Summary Stabilisation may be defined as a process by which the intrinsic properties of a Pavement material or earthworks Materials are altered by the addition of a stabilisation binder or granular material to meet performance expectations in its operating, geological and climatic environment.

5 part 4D Stabilised Materials of the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology describes in detail: the types of stabilisation undertaken to improve Pavement Materials and earthworks Materials the types of binders used in stabilisation the types of binders suitable for particular Materials the laboratory determination of the type and quantity of binder required to achieve a particular type of Stabilised material (mix design). It does not detail quality control aspects of manufacture or all the performance attributes of Stabilised Materials nor the safety aspects of using specific binders. This Guide is an update of the Guide originally published in 2006. Stabilisation of unsealed roads is described in Guide to Pavement Technology part 6: Unsealed Roads. Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Austroads 2019 | page ii Contents 1.

6 Introduction .. 1 2. Overview .. 2 Purpose of Stabilisation .. 2 Manufacture of Stabilised Materials .. 2 Plant-mixed .. 2 In situ- Stabilised Materials .. 2 Stabilisation Binders .. 3 Categories of Stabilised Materials .. 3 Earthworks Materials Stabilisation .. 5 Modified Granular Pavement Materials .. 5 Cementitiously-bound Pavement Materials .. 5 Stabilisation using Bitumen .. 6 Granular Stabilisation .. 7 Pavement Configurations Incorporating Stabilised Materials .. 7 Binders used in Stabilisation .. 8 Principal Binders and Combinations .. 8 Characteristics of Stabilisation Additives .. 9 Selection of Stabilisation Type .. 10 Introduction .. 10 Sampling and Testing .. 10 Preliminary Binder Selection .. 10 Final Selection of Binder Type and Content .. 11 3. Cementitious Stabilisation .. 12 Introduction.

7 12 Commonly used Cements .. 12 Supplementary Cementitious Binders .. 13 General .. 13 Lime .. 13 Pozzolanic Materials .. 13 Water .. 14 Deleterious Materials .. 14 Reaction of Materials with Cementitious Binders .. 15 Properties of Cementitiously-modified Pavement Materials .. 15 General .. 15 Distress Types .. 16 Materials Suitable for Stabilisation .. 16 Mix Design .. 16 Properties of Lightly-bound Pavement Materials .. 17 Properties of Cementitiously-bound Pavement Materials .. 18 General .. 18 Distress Types .. 18 Materials Suitable for Stabilisation .. 19 Mix Design .. 19 Treatment of Earthwork Materials .. 21 4. Lime Stabilisation .. 22 Introduction .. 22 Lime Manufacture .. 22 Types of Lime .. 23 Available Lime Index .. 24 Lime Stabilisation of Pavement Materials .. 25 Properties of Earthworks Materials Stabilised with Lime.

8 25 Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Austroads 2019 | page iii General .. 25 Rate of Strength Gain .. 25 Moisture-density Relationship .. 26 Appropriate Conditions for Lime Stabilisation of Earthworks Materials .. 27 General .. 27 material Factors .. 27 Production and Construction Factors .. 28 Selecting the Lime Content for Long-term Property Changes .. 28 Selecting the Lime Content to Expedite Construction .. 30 5. Bituminous Stabilisation .. 31 Introduction .. 31 Bitumen .. 31 General .. 31 Foamed Bitumen .. 31 Bitumen Emulsion .. 32 Materials Suitable for Bitumen Stabilisation .. 33 Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation Mix Design .. 34 Introduction .. 34 Bitumen Foaming Characteristics .. 34 Secondary Binders .. 36 Mixing Moisture Content .. 36 Mix Design .. 36 Bitumen Emulsion Mix Design.

9 39 6. Granular Stabilisation .. 40 Introduction .. 40 Materials .. 40 Design Criteria for Granular Stabilisation .. 40 Introduction .. 40 Required PSD .. 41 Required of Plasticity Properties .. 42 Required Aggregate Hardness and 42 Required Strength and Rut-resistance .. 42 Mix Design .. 43 7. Other Forms of Chemical Stabilisation .. 44 Introduction .. 44 Structural Improvement .. 44 Dry powder Polymers .. 44 Additives to Lime and Cementitious Binders .. 44 Mix Design .. 45 8. Sampling and Testing for Mix Design .. 46 Introduction .. 46 Field Sampling for In Situ Stabilisation .. 46 Laboratory Sample Preparation .. 46 Particle Breakdown During Construction .. 46 Water Quality .. 47 Binders .. 47 Laboratory Compaction of Lime- Stabilised Subgrade Test Specimens .. 47 Laboratory Compaction of Cementitiously- Stabilised Pavement Test Specimens.

10 47 Laboratory Compaction of Bituminous- Stabilised Pavement Test Specimens .. 48 Laboratory Tests Associated with Stabilisation Mix Design .. 48 General .. 48 Lime Demand Test .. 49 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) .. 50 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) .. 51 Guide to Pavement Technology part 4D: Stabilised Materials Austroads 2019 | page iv Repeated Load Triaxial Test .. 51 Wheel-tracking Test .. 52 Indirect Tensile Modulus .. 54 Fl exural Modulus, Strength and Fatigue .. 54 Capillary 56 Vertical Saturation .. 56 Working 57 Erodibility .. 58 Leaching .. 59 References .. 60 Appendix A Worked Example of Blending Materials to Achieve Specification Requirements .. 65 Tables Table : References to stabilisation Technology in Austroads Guide to Pavement 1 Table : Key websites pertinent to stabilisation 1 Table : Stabilisation categories and characteristics.