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Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

NATIONAL Ambient AIR Quality Monitoring SERIES : NAAQMS/ .. /2003-04 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS Website: e-mail: April, 2003 NATIONAL Ambient AIR Quality Monitoring SERIES : NAAQMS/ .. /2003-04 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India) Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar Delhi 110 032 e-mail : Website : CPCB 200 Copies, 2003 _____ Published By : Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi - 32 Printing Supervision & Layout : Mahendru and Satish Kumar Composing & Laser Typesetting : Mohd. Javed Printed at : National Institute of Science Communication (CSIR), New Delhi CONTRIBUTIONS Guidance, Report Review and Finalisation : Dr.

The report also describes quality assurance and quality control requirements in ambient air quality monitoring. The Ring Test facility developed in CPCB is explained in the report. We hope, the guidelines will be useful to all concerned with air …

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Transcription of Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

1 NATIONAL Ambient AIR Quality Monitoring SERIES : NAAQMS/ .. /2003-04 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS Website: e-mail: April, 2003 NATIONAL Ambient AIR Quality Monitoring SERIES : NAAQMS/ .. /2003-04 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India) Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar Delhi 110 032 e-mail : Website : CPCB 200 Copies, 2003 _____ Published By : Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi - 32 Printing Supervision & Layout : Mahendru and Satish Kumar Composing & Laser Typesetting : Mohd. Javed Printed at : National Institute of Science Communication (CSIR), New Delhi CONTRIBUTIONS Guidance, Report Review and Finalisation : Dr.

2 B. Sengupta Coordination and Supervision : Dr. Trivedi Sh. Saxena Report Preparation : Sh. Naresh Badhwar Dr. (Mrs.) Rekha Sitaswad Measurement Methods : Dr. Makhijani Sh. Kamyotra Dr. M. Q. Ansari Sh. Gurnam Singh Dr. S. Philip Dr. Srivastava Dr. Sanjeev Agarwal Sh. M. Satheesh Kumar Sh. Ved Prakash Sh. Aditya Sharma Sh. K. Karunakaran Sh. Rajinder Singh Sh. Surinder Singh Sh. Sharma Smt. Anju Bhardwaj Sh. Vasu Tiwari Drawing : Sh.

3 Suraj Mal Sh. Shahi Sh. Vasu Tiwari Typing : Smt. C. Arora Sh. Satish Changra Sh. Ganga Singh Shahi Sh. Ravi Charan Smt. S. Menon FOREWORD Under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) initiated National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring programme in the year 1984 and the network of Monitoring stations has been extended throughout the country. This report outlines the Guidelines for carrying out Ambient air Quality Monitoring including selection of Monitoring stations, number and distribution of Monitoring stations, selection of pollutants, measurement methods, sampling duration and frequency etc. The Guidelines have been prepared on the basis of experience gained over the years in Ambient air Quality Monitoring .

4 The report also describes Quality assurance and Quality control requirements in Ambient air Quality Monitoring . The Ring Test facility developed in CPCB is explained in the report. We hope, the Guidelines will be useful to all concerned with air Quality Monitoring and management. (Dilip Biswas) CONTENTS Section No. Title Page Introduction 1 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2 Air Pollution Problem in India 4 Reasons for High Air Pollution in India 5 Vehicular Pollution Problems in India 6 Behaviour of Air Pollutants 7 Short-term Variations 7 Seasonal Variations 9 Long- term Variations 11 Air Quality Monitoring 12 Objectives of Air Quality Monitoring 12 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme ( )

5 13 Objectives 13 Monitoring Locations and Parameters 13 Guidelines for Monitoring 17 Background Information 17 Components of Monitoring 18 Number and Distribution of Monitoring Locations 18 Selection of Monitoring Location 20 Selection of Pollutants 24 Sampling Duration and Frequency 26 Measurement Methods 26 Meteorological Measurements 27 Laboratory Requirements 28 Quality assurance 28 Data Handling and Presentation 28 Financial Requirements 29 Manpower Requirements 30 Operation of Air Quality Monitoring Equipments 30 Quality assurance and Quality Control in Air Quality Monitoring 33 Analytical Quality Control 33 Ring Test Facility at CPCB 41 Reasons for Poor Quality of Data 44 Suggestions for Improvement 45 Annexure I National Ambient Air Quality Standards 48 Annexure II Measurement Methods of Air Pollutants 49 Annexure III Format for Reporting Data 156 References 161 LIST OF TABLES Table No.

6 Title Page No. Contribution of Air Pollution from Various Sources in Delhi (Source: MoEF, 1997) Problem Areas in India Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hourly Avg.) at Various Locations in Delhi. Recommended Minimum Number of Stations , Population Wise ( Source: IS : 5182 (Part 14) , 2000) Distribution of Sampling Stations (Source : WHO, 1977) Recommended Criteria for Siting Monitoring Stations ( Source: IS 5182 (Part 14), 2000) A Minimum Distance of the Sampler from Road for Measurement of Ozone and NOx (Source: ETC, Canada, 1995) Operation and Maintenance cost of Monitoring Stations. Capital Cost of Establishing Stations. 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No.

7 Correlation Between CO Levels and Percentage Calm Conditions in Delhi. Monthly Average Concentrations ( 1995 2001) of SPM at BSZ Marg, New Delhi. Monthly Average Concentrations of RSPM ( 1995 2001) at BSZ Marg, New Delhi. Trend in Annual Average Concentration of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter in Delhi. Growth of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations under NAMP. State-wise Distribution of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations under NAMP. Flow Chart for Approach to Achieving Accuracy of Analytical Results. Ring Test Facility Static Volumetric Dilution 39 LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure No. Title Page No. I National Ambient Air Quality Standards 48 II Measurement Methods of Air Pollutants 49 1.

8 Air Sampling Gaseous 49 2. Measurement of Meteorological Parameters 56 3. Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High Volume Method) 67 4. Measurement of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10) in Ambient Air (Cyclonic Flow Technique) 78 5. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide in Air (Modified West and Gaeke Method) 85 6. Continuous Measurement of Sulphur Dioxide Ultraviolet Fluorescence Method 96 7. Continuous Measurement of Carbon Monoxide Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry Method 105 8. Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Atmosphere 119 9. Continuous Measurement of Oxides of Nitrogen in Ambient Air by Chemiluminescence 128 10. Determination of Ozone in the Atmosphere 140 11. Continuous Measurement of Ozone in the Atmosphere by Ultraviolet Photometric Instruments 146 III Format for Reporting Data 156 1 INTRODUCTION Air pollutants are added in the atmosphere from variety of sources that change the composition of atmosphere and affect the biotic environment.

9 The concentration of air pollutants depend not only on the quantities that are emitted from air pollution sources but also on the ability of the atmosphere to either absorb or disperse these emissions. The air pollution concentration vary spatially and temporarily causing the air pollution pattern to change with different locations and time due to changes in meteorological and topographical condition. The sources of air pollutants include vehicles, industries, domestic sources and natural sources. Because of the presence of high amount of air pollutants in the Ambient air, the health of the population and property is getting adversely affected. In order to arrest the deterioration in air Quality , Govt. of India has enacted Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981. The responsibility has been further emphasized under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

10 It is necessary to assess the present and anticipated air pollution through continuous air Quality survey/ Monitoring programs. Therefore, Central Pollution Control Board had started National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) Network during 1984 - 85 at national level. The programme was later renamed as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The report presents Guidelines for carrying out Ambient air Quality Monitoring under NAMP. Ambient air Quality Monitoring is carried out so as to generate data that meets the objectives of Monitoring . Ambient air Quality Monitoring programme are needed to determine the existing Quality of air, evaluation of the effectiveness of control programme and to develop new programme. The report aims towards developing a more uniform air Monitoring network so that data from various stations is comparable.


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