Handbook of Electrical Engineering - N.I.G.C

1 Handbook ofElectrical EngineeringHandbook of Electrical Engineering : For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical L. Sheldrake 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49631-6 Handbook ofElectrical EngineeringFor Practitioners in the Oil, Gas andPetrochemical IndustryAlan L. SheldrakeConsulting Electrical Engineer, Bangalore, IndiaCopyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, EnglandTelephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): our Home Page on or Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK,without the permission in writing of the Publisher.

2 Requests to the Publishershould be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley& Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to or faxed to(+44) 1243 publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on theunderstanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance isrequired, the services of a competent professional should be Wiley Editorial OfficesJohn Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJ ossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USAW iley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr.

3 12, D-69469 Weinheim, GermanyJohn Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, AustraliaJohn Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appearsin print may not be available in electronic of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSheldrake, Alan of Electrical Engineering : for practitioners in the oil, gas, and petrochemicalindustry / Alan L. bibliographical references and 0-471-49631-6 (alk.)

4 Paper)1. Electric machinery Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Petroleum Engineering Equipmentand supplies Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. 042 dc212002192434 British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 0-471-49631-6 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, WiltshireThis book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestryin which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper book is dedicated to my dear wife Ilse who with great patienceencouraged me to persevere with the completion of this the Authorxxv1 Estimation of Plant Electrical Preliminary Single-Line Load Worked Determination of Power Supply Standby Capacity of Plain Cable Feeders and Transformer Rating of Generators in Relation to their Prime Operation at low ambient Upgrading of prime Rating of Motors in Relation to their Driven

5 Development of Single-Line The key single line Individual switchboards and motor control Coordination with other Process Mechanical Instrument Communication and safety Facilities and operations engineers18 Reference182 Gas Turbine Driven Classification of Gas Turbine Aero-derivative gas Light industrial gas Heavy industrial gas Single and two-shaft gas Fuel for gas Energy Obtained from a Gas Effect of an inefficient compressor and Maximum work done on the Variation of specific Effect of ducting pressure drop and combustion chamberpressure Heat rate and fuel Power Output from a Gas Mechanical and Electrical power Factors to be considered at the design stage of a power Starting Methods for Gas Speed Governing of Gas Open-loop speed-torque Closed-loop speed-power Governing systems for gas Load sharing between droop-governed gas Load sharing Mathematical Modelling of Gas Turbine Speed Governing Modern Typical parameter values for speed governing systems59 References59 Further Reading593 Synchronous Generators and Common Aspects Between Generators and Simplified Theory of Operation of a Steady state armature

6 Transient state armature Sub-transient state armature Phasor Diagram of Voltages and The Derived Sensitivity ofxmd,xa,xfandxkdto changes in Active and Reactive Power Delivered from a A general The particular case of a salient pole A simpler case of a salient pole The Power Versus Angle Chart of a Salient Pole Choice of Voltages for Typical Parameters of Construction Features of High Voltage Generators and Induction Stator Terminal Cooling Bearings80 References81ix4 Automatic Voltage Modern Measurement Error sensing Power Main IEEE Standard AVR Worked Worked Determining of saturation Typical parameter values for AVR systems97 Reference975 Induction

7 Principle of Operation of the Three-Phase Essential Motor torque versus speed Motor starting current versus speed Load torque versus speed Sensitivity of characteristics to changes in resistances and Worked Typical impedance data for two-pole and four-pole induction Representing the deep-bar effect by two parallel Construction of Induction Derating Matching the Motor Rating to the Driven Machine Effect of the Supply Voltage on Effect of the System Fault Cable Volt-drop Critical Times for Methods of Starting Induction Star-delta Korndorfer auto-transformer Soft-start power electronics Series reactor Part winding method129 References1296 Operating Efficiency of a Regulation of a Three-Phase Transformer Winding Construction of Conservator and sealed type Transformer Inrush Current140 References1427 Switchgear and Motor Control Terminology in Common Main Earthing Incoming and busbar section switching Forms of Ambient temperature derating Rated normal Fault making peak Fundamental AC DC Double frequency AC Fault breaking Fault withstand Switching Outgoing switching device for

8 Outgoing switching device for motor control Fuses for Motor Control Centre Outgoing Safety Interlocking Control and Indication Restarting and reaccelerating of Micro-computer based Moulded Case Circuit Comparison with Operating Cut-off current versus prospective Complete and partial coordination of cascaded circuit Worked example for coordination of cascaded circuit Cost and General Operation of a Influence of the Circuit X-to-R Worked example179 References181xi9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installation Electrically Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Copper and Phosphor Galvanised Electrically Non-Conducting Materials used in the Construction Definition of basic Composition of Power and Control Compositional Conductor semiconducting Insulation semiconductor Inner Lead Outer Current Ratings of Power Continuous load Continuous rated current of a Volt-drop within a Protection against overloading Cables with Enhanced Fire Fire Emission of toxic gases and Application of fire

9 Retardant and fire resistant cables246 Reference24710 Hazardous Area Classification and the Selection of Historical Present Elements of Hazardous Area Mixtures of gases, vapours and Hazardous Area Non-hazardous Zone 2 hazardous Zone 1 hazardous Zone 0 hazardous Adjacent hazardous Types of Protection for Hazardous Type of protection d Type of protection e Type of protection i Type of protection m Type of protection n and n Type of protection o Type of protection p Type of protection q Type of protection s Type of protection de Types of Protection for Ingress of Water and Solid European American Certification of Hazardous Area Marking of Equipment Nameplates266 References266 Further Reading26611 Fault Calculations and

10 Stability Constant Voltage Source High Constant Voltage Source Low Non-Constant Voltage Sources All Voltage Calculation of Fault Current due to Faults at the Terminals of a Pre-fault or initial Calculation of fault current rms symmetrical Calculate the Sub-Transient symmetrical RMS Fault Current Calculate the sub-transient peak fault current Application of the Doubling Factor to Fault CurrentI frmsfound in Worked Breaking duty Computer Programs for Calculating Fault Calculation of fault current rms and peak asymmetrical Simplest The circuit x-to-r ratio is Detailed generator data is Motor contribution to fault The use of Worked Some Comments on the Application of IEC60363 and Stability Steady state Transient stability303xii