HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY - Communication …

1 HANDBOOKofPSYCHOLOGYVOLUME 5 PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYT heodore MillonMelvin J. LernerVolume EditorsIrving B. WeinerEditor-in-ChiefJohn Wiley & Sons, 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page iiHANDBOOKofPSYCHOLOGYVOLUME 5 PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYT heodore MillonMelvin J. LernerVolume EditorsIrving B. WeinerEditor-in-ChiefJohn Wiley & Sons, 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page iiiThis book is printed on acid-free 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights simultaneously in part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 UnitedStates Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

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5 Weiner, bibliographical references and : v. 1. History of PSYCHOLOGY / edited by Donald K. Freedheim v. 2. Researchmethods in PSYCHOLOGY / edited by John A. Schinka, Wayne F. Velicer v. 3. Biologicalpsychology / edited by Michela Gallagher, Randy J. Nelson v. 4. Experimentalpsychology / edited by Alice F. Healy, Robert W. Proctor v. 5. Personality and socialpsychology / edited by Theodore Millon, Melvin J. Lerner v. 6. Developmentalpsychology / edited by Richard M. Lerner, M. Ann Easterbrooks, Jayanthi Mistry v. PSYCHOLOGY / edited by William M. Reynolds, Gloria E. Miller v. PSYCHOLOGY / edited by George Stricker, Thomas A.

6 Widiger v. 9. Health PSYCHOLOGY /edited by Arthur M. Nezu, Christine Maguth Nezu, Pamela A. Geller v. 10. Assessmentpsychology / edited by John R. Graham, Jack A. Naglieri v. 11. Forensic PSYCHOLOGY /edited by Alan M. Goldstein v. 12. Industrial and organizational PSYCHOLOGY / editedby Walter C. Borman, Daniel R. Ilgen, Richard J. 0-471-17669-9 (set) ISBN 0-471-38320-1 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 1) ISBN 0-471-38513-1 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 2) ISBN 0-471-38403-8 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 3) ISBN 0-471-39262-6 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 4) ISBN 0-471-38404-6 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 5) ISBN 0-471-38405-4 (cloth : alk.)

7 Paper : v. 6) ISBN 0-471-38406-2 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 7) ISBN 0-471-39263-4 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 8) ISBN 0-471-38514-X (cloth : alk. paper : v. 9) ISBN 0-471-38407-0 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 10) ISBN 0-471-38321-X (cloth : alk. paper : v. 11) ISBN 0-471-38408-9 (cloth : alk. paper : v. 12)1. PSYCHOLOGY . I. Weiner, Irving 2003150 dc212002066380 Printed in the United States of 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page ivEditorial BoardVolume 1 History of PsychologyDonald K. Freedheim, PhDCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioVolume 2 Research Methods in PsychologyJohn A. Schinka, PhDUniversity of South FloridaTampa, FloridaWayne F.

8 Velicer, PhDUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode IslandVolume 3 Biological PsychologyMichela Gallagher, PhDJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MarylandRandy J. Nelson, PhDOhio State UniversityColumbus, OhioVolume 4 Experimental PsychologyAlice F. Healy, PhDUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, ColoradoRobert W. Proctor, PhD Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IndianaVolume 5 Personality and Social PsychologyTheodore Millon, PhDInstitute for Advanced Studies inPersonology and PsychopathologyCoral Gables, FloridaMelvin J. Lerner, PhDFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FloridaVolume 6 Developmental PsychologyRichard M. Lerner, PhDM.

9 Ann Easterbrooks, PhDJayanthi Mistry, PhDTufts UniversityMedford, MassachusettsVolume 7 Educational PsychologyWilliam M. Reynolds, PhDHumboldt State UniversityArcata, CaliforniaGloria E. Miller, PhDUniversity of DenverDenver, ColoradoVolume 8 Clinical PsychologyGeorge Stricker, PhDAdelphi UniversityGarden City, New YorkThomas A. Widiger, PhDUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KentuckyVolume 9 Health PsychologyArthur M. Nezu, PhDChristine Maguth Nezu, PhDPamela A. Geller, PhDDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaVolume 10 Assessment PsychologyJohn R. Graham, PhDKent State UniversityKent, OhioJack A. Naglieri, PhDGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VirginiaVolume 11 Forensic PsychologyAlan M.

10 Goldstein, PhDJohn Jay College of CriminalJustice CUNYNew York, New YorkVolume 12 Industrial and OrganizationalPsychologyWalter C. Borman, PhDUniversity of South FloridaTampa, FloridaDaniel R. Ilgen, PhDMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan Richard J. Klimoski, PhDGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page 10/1/02 9:09 AM Page viHandbook of PsychologyPrefacePsychology at the beginning of the twenty-first century hasbecome a highly diverse field of scientific study and appliedtechnology. Psychologists commonly regard their disciplineas the science of behavior, and the American PsychologicalAssociation has formally designated 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Behavior.