Handbook of Self-Regulation

1 Handbook of self -RegulationHandbook of self -RegulationResearch, Theory, and ApplicationsEdited byROYF. BAUMEISTERKATHLEEND. VOHSTHE GUILFORD PRESSNew YorkLondon 2004 The Guilford PressA Division of Guilford Publications, Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 All rights reservedNo part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the in the United States of AmericaThis book is printed on acid-free digit is print number:987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHandbook of Self-Regulation : research, theory, and applications / edited by Roy , Kathleen D.

2 Bibliographical references and 1-57230-991-1 ( )1. self -control. I. Baumeister, Roy F. II. Vohs, Kathleen dc222003020013 For Dale and Warren gone, but not forgottenAbout the EditorsRoy F. Baumeister, PhD,holds the Eppes Professorship in the Department of Psychologyat Florida State University. He also has taught and conducted research at the Universityof California at Berkeley, Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas, Univer-sity of Virginia, the Max-Planck Institute in Munich (Germany), and Stanford s Centerfor Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Dr. Baumeister has contributed nearly300 professional publications (including 18 books), spanning such topics as self and iden-tity, performance under pressure, self -control, self -esteem, finding meaning in life, sexual-ity, aggression and violence, suicide, interpersonal processes, social rejection, the need tobelong, and human nature.

3 His research on Self-Regulation has been funded for manyyears by the National Institute of Mental D. Vohs, PhD,is Assistant Professor in the Carlson School of Management atthe University of Minnesota. She most recently held the Canada Research Chair in Mar-keting Science and Consumer Psychology at the University of British Columbia. Dr. Vohshas conducted research on Self-Regulation at the University of Utah and Case Western Re-serve University under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. She has over60 professional publications that focus on understanding processes related to self -regula-tion, self -esteem, interpersonal functioning, and bulimic symptomatology. Her researchhas been extended to the domains of chronic dieting, sexuality, and personal spendingand Ayduk, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley,Berkeley, CaliforniaAustin S.

4 Baldwin, BS,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MinnesotaJane F. Banfield, PhD,Institut f r Psychologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universit tMagdeburg, Magdeburg, GermanyJohn A. Bargh, PhD,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven,ConnecticutRussell A. Barkley, PhD,College of Health Professions, Medical University of SouthCarolina, Charleston, South CarolinaRoy F. Baumeister, PhD,Department of Psychology, Florida State University,Tallahassee, FloridaJeanne Brooks-Gunn, PhD,Department of Human Development, Teachers College,Columbia University, New York, New YorkSusan D. Calkins, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina atGreensboro, Greensboro, North CarolinaCharles S.

5 Carver, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Miami, CoralGables, FloridaDaniel Cervone, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, IllinoisNatalie J. Ciarocco, PhD,Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University,Treasure Coast, FloridaColleen Corte, PhD,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganMarisol Cunnington, BA,National Center for Children and Families, TeachersCollege, Columbia University, New York, New YorkviiNancy Eisenberg, PhD,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe,ArizonaLesa K. Ellis, PhD,Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City,UtahRonald J. Faber, PhD,School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaGr inne M.

6 Fitzsimons, MA,Department of Psychology, New York University, NewYork, New YorkKentaro Fujita, BA,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NewYorkPeter M. Gollwitzer, PhD,Department of Psychology, New York University, NewYork, New YorkJames J. Gross, PhD,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford,CaliforniaTodd F. Heatherton, PhD,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,Dartmouth College, Hanover, New HampshireC. Peter Herman, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto,Ontario, CanadaAndrew W. Hertel, BA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MinnesotaE. Tory Higgins, PhD,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York,New YorkTravis Hirschi, PhD,Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, ArizonaJay G.

7 Hull, PhD,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, DartmouthCollege, Hanover, New HampshireRandy J. Larsen, PhD,Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis,MissouriMark R. Leary, PhD,Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North CarolinaDonal G. MacCoon, MS,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WisconsinC. Neil Macrae, PhD,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, DartmouthCollege, Hanover, New HampshireLisa A. McCabe, PhD,Cornell Early Childhood Program, Department of HumanDevelopment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorkWalter Mischel, PhD,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York,New YorkNilly Mor, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park,MarylandviiiContributorsThomas F.

8 M nte, PhD,Institut f r Psychologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universit tMagdeburg, Magdeburg, GermanyJoseph P. Newman, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WisconsinSusan Nolen-Hoeksema, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MichiganKevin N. Ochsner, PhD,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York,New YorkGabriele Oettingen, PhD,Psychologisches Institut II, Universit t Hamburg, Hamburg,GermanyHeather Orom, MA,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, IllinoisJanet Polivy, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga,Ontario, CanadaMichael I. Posner, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene,OregonZvjezdana Prizmic, PhD,Department of Psychology, Washington University, St.

9 Louis,MissouriMary K. Rothbart, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene,OregonAlexander J. Rothman, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MinnesotaM. Rosario Rueda, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene,OregonAdrienne Sadovsky, PhD,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe,ArizonaMichael A. Sayette, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaBrandon J. Schmeichel, MA,Department of Psychology, Florida State University,Tallahassee, FloridaWalter D. Scott, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie,WyomingWilliam G. Shadel, PhD,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaLaurie B.

10 Slone, BS,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, DartmouthCollege, Hanover, New HampshireCynthia L. Smith, PhD,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe,ArizonaContributorsixScott Spiegel, PhD,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NewYorkTracy L. Spinrad, PhD,Department of Family and Human Development, ArizonaState University, Tempe, ArizonaKathleen D. Vohs, PhD,Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MinnesotaJohn F. Wallace, PhD,Carroll Regional Counseling Center, Carroll, IowaMichael W. Wiederman, PhD,Department of Human Relations, Columbia College,Columbia, South CarolinaCarrie L. Wyland, BA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, DartmouthCollege, Hanover, New HampshirexContributorsPrefaceWhy do people eat too much?