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1 HEALTHBEHAVIORANDHEALTHEDUCATIONT heory, Research,and Practice4 THEDITIONKAREN GLANZBARBARA K. RIMERK. VISWANATHE ditorsForeword by C. Tracy 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page iiHEALTHBEHAVIORANDHEALTHEDUCATIONT heory, Research,and Practice4 THEDITIONKAREN GLANZBARBARA K. RIMERK. VISWANATHE ditorsForeword by C. Tracy 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page iiiCopyright 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights by Jossey-BassA Wiley Imprint989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741 part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except aspermitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy feeto the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

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3 You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher norauthor shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limitedto special, incidental, consequential, or other books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the at 800-956-7739, outside the at 317-572-3986, or fax 317-572-4002. Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronicformats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHealth BEHAVIOR and HEALTH education : theory, research, and practice / Karen Glanz, Barbara , and K. Viswanath, editors. 4th ; bibliographical references and 978-0-7879-9614-7 (cloth)1. HEALTH BEHAVIOR . 2. HEALTH education. 3. HEALTH promotion. I. Glanz, Karen. II. Rimer, Barbara Viswanath, K. (Kasisomayajula)[DNLM: 1. HEALTH BEHAVIOR .]

4 2. HEALTH Education. W 85 H43415 2008] 2008613 dc222008021038 Printed in the United States of AmericaFOURTH EDITIONHB 7/2/08 11:22 AM Page ivCONTENTSF orewordxiiiC. Tracy OrleansTables and FiguresxviiPrefacexxiThe EditorsxxviiThe ContributorsxxxiPART ONE: HEALTH EDUCATION AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR : THE FOUNDATIONS1 ONE:THE SCOPE OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION3 The EditorsKey Points3 The Changing Context of HEALTH Behavior6 HEALTH Education and HEALTH BEHAVIOR in Context9 Settings and Audiences for HEALTH Education12 Progress in HEALTH Promotion and HEALTH BEHAVIOR Research16 Summary18 TWO:THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE IN HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION23 The EditorsKey Points23 Theory, Research, and Practice: Interrelations24 What Is Theory?26 Paradigms for Theory and Research in HEALTH Promotion and Education29 Trends in Use of HEALTH BEHAVIOR Theories and Models31 Selection of Theories for This Book33 Fitting a Theory or Theories to Research and Practice35 Limitations of This 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page vviContentsPART TWO: MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR41 Barbara K.

5 RimerTHREE:THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL45 Victoria L. Champion and Celette Sugg SkinnerKey Points45 Origins of the Model46 Description of HBM and Key Constructs46 Evidence for the model s Performance50 Measurement of HBM Constructs51 Applications of the HBM to Mammography and AIDS-Related Behaviors53 Comparison of HBM to Other Theories60 Challenges in Future HBM Research61 Summary62 FOUR:THEORY OF REASONED ACTION, THEORY OF PLANNEDBEHAVIOR, AND THE INTEGRATED BEHAVIORAL MODEL67 Daniel E. Monta o and Danuta KasprzykKey Points67 Origins and Historical Development68 Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior70An Integrated Behavioral Model77 Elicitation82 Application of IBM to HIV Prevention in Zimbabwe82 Summary92 FIVE:THE TRANSTHEORETICAL model AND STAGES OF CHANGE97 James O. Prochaska, Colleen A. Redding, and Kerry E. EversKey Points97 Core Constructs98 Applications of the Transtheoretical Model108 Multiple- BEHAVIOR Change Programs114 Limitations of the Model116 Future 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page viContentsviiSIX:THE PRECAUTION ADOPTION PROCESS MODEL123 Neil D.

6 Weinstein, Peter M. Sandman, and Susan J. BlalockKey Points123 How Stage Theories Address Explaining and Changing Behavior124 The Precaution Adoption Process Model126 Using the PAPM to Develop and Evaluate BEHAVIOR Change Interventions131 How Stage Theories Can Be Tested134An Example Using Matched and Mismatched Treatments134 Review of Research Using the PAPM140 Criteria for Applying Stage-Based Interventions143 Future Directions145 Summary145 SEVEN:PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES THAT FOCUS ON INDIVIDUALS149 Noel T. Brewer and Barbara K. RimerKey Points149 Why Theory Is Needed150 How to Decide Which Theory to Use151A Closer Look at Individual-Level Theories152 Commonalities and Differences Across the Theories157 New Constructs and Theories160 Summary162 PART THREE: MODELS OF INTERPERSONALHEALTH BEHAVIOR167 EIGHT:HOW INDIVIDUALS, ENVIRONMENTS, AND HEALTHBEHAVIORS INTERACT: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY169 Alfred L. McAlister, Cheryl L. Perry, and Guy S. ParcelKey Points169 Concepts of SCT170 Applications to HEALTH Promotion175 Case Studies178 New Applications182 Limitations in Research on New SCT 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page viiviiiContentsNINE:SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT189 Catherine A.

7 Heaney and Barbara A. IsraelKey Points189 Definitions and Terminology189 Background of the Concepts192 Relationship of Social Networks and Social Support to Health193 Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Social Relationships195 Translating Theory and Research into Practice197 Social Network and Social Support Interventions199 HEALTH Education and HEALTH BEHAVIOR Applications203 Future Directions for Research and Practice206 Summary207 TEN:STRESS, COPING, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR211 Karen Glanz and Marc D. SchwartzKey Points211 Historical Concepts of HEALTH , Stress, and Coping212 The Transactional model of Stress and Coping: Overview,Key Constructs, and Empirical Support213 Theoretical Extensions220 Applications to Specific HEALTH BEHAVIOR Research Areas226 Research Gaps and Future Directions229 Summary230 ELEVEN:KEY INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS AND HEALTHOUTCOMES: LESSONS FROM THEORY AND RESEARCH ONCLINICIAN-PATIENT COMMUNICATION237 Richard L. Street Jr. and Ronald M. EpsteinKey Points237 Communication Between HEALTH Care Providers and Patients:Historical Perspective239 Pathways Between Clinician-Patient Communication and HEALTH Outcomes239 Key Functions of Clinician-Patient Communication245 Moderators of Communication-Outcome Relationships255 Clinician-Patient Communication: Application in HEALTH Education and HEALTH Behavior261 Directions for Future 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page viiiContentsixTWELVE:PERSPECTIVES ON MODELS OF INTERPERSONAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR271K.

8 ViswanathKey Points271 Some Defining Characteristics of Interpersonal Interaction272 Theories and Models at the Interpersonal Level273 Summary and Future Directions279 PART FOUR: COMMUNITY AND GROUP MODELS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE283 Karen GlanzTHIRTEEN:IMPROVING HEALTH THROUGH COMMUNITYORGANIZATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING287 Meredith Minkler, Nina Wallerstein, and Nance WilsonKey Points287 Historical Perspective288 The Concept of Community290 Models of Community Organization291 Concepts in Community Organization and Community-Building Practice293 Community Capacity and Social Capital295 Issue Selection, Participation, and Relevance296 Measurement and Evaluation Issues298 Application of Community Organization and Community Building300 Community Organizing and Community Building with Youth:Challenges and Considerations307 The Challenge of Community Organization Approaches308 Summary309 FOURTEEN:DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS313 Brian Oldenburg and Karen GlanzKey Points313 Development of the Field and Related Research Traditions314 Key Concepts317 Important Factors in the Diffusion Process319 The Role of Settings and Organizations in Diffusion of HEALTH BEHAVIOR Innovations321 The Practice of Dissemination and Diffusion of HEALTH BEHAVIOR 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page ixxContentsApplications323 Limitations of the model and Challenges for the Future328 Summary330 FIFTEEN:MOBILIZING ORGANIZATIONS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: THEORIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE335 Frances Dunn Butterfoss, Michelle C.

9 Kegler, and Vincent T. FranciscoKey Points335 Introduction to Theories of Organizational Change336 Change Within Organizations338 Organizational Development Theory341 Change Across Organizations345 Applications of Organizational Theory to HEALTH Promotion350 Future Research to Inform Organizational Change Theories355 Summary357 SIXTEEN:COMMUNICATION THEORY AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE: THE MEDIA STUDIES FRAMEWORK363 John R. Finnegan Jr. and K. ViswanathKey Points363 Organization of Communication Studies364 Message Production and Media Effects365 Major Models and Hypotheses at the Individual Level367 Theories at the Macro Level371 Planned Use of Media379 Future Directions382 Summary384 SEVENTEEN:PERSPECTIVES ON GROUP, ORGANIZATION, AND COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS389 Michelle C. Kegler and Karen GlanzKey Points389 New Concepts and Strategies for Macro-Level Change390 Multiple Levels of Influence and Action391 Models for Change392 Approaches to Defining Needs, Problems, and Aims395 The Influence of Technology on Macro-Level Theory and Practice396 Similarities Between Models397 Research 7/2/08 11:23 AM Page xContentsxiPART FIVE: USING THEORY IN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE405 EIGHTEEN:USING THE precede -PROCEED model TO APPLY HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES407 Andrea Carson Gielen, Eileen M.

10 McDonald,Tiffany L. Gary, and Lee R. BoneKey Points408 Overview of the precede -PROCEED Model408 Issues to Consider in Using precede -PROCEED417 Case Study: The SAFE Home Project418 Case Study: Project Sugar 1424 Summary429 NINETEEN:SOCIAL MARKETING435J. Douglas Storey, Gary B. Saffitz, and Jose G. Rim nKey Points435 Definition of Social Marketing436 Basic Principles of Social Marketing439 The Role of Social Marketing Within a Strategic Communication Framework444 The Role of Theory and Research in Social Marketing448 International and Domestic ( ) Social Marketing Experiences452 Summary461 TWENTY:ECOLOGICAL MODELS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR465 James F. Sallis, Neville Owen, and Edwin B. FisherKey Points465 Background, History, and Principles of Ecological Models466 Application of Ecological Models to HEALTH Behavior470 Critical Examination of Ecological Models of HEALTH Behavior479 Summary482 TWENTY-ONE:EVALUATION OF THEORY-BASED INTERVENTIONS487 Russell E. Glasgow and Laura A.