HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC.

1 IHEAT EXCHANGE institute , forDIRECT CONTACT BAROMETRIC AND LOW LEVEL CONDENSERSNINTH EDITIONC opyright November 2015 byHeat EXCHANGE Institute1300 Sumner AvenueCleveland, Ohio 44115-2851 Reproduction of any portion of this standard without written permission of the heat EXCHANGE institute is strictly EXCHANGE institute , TECHNOLOGY SECTIONC roll Reynolds CompanyParsipanny, NJDC FabricatorsFlorence, NJGardner Denver NashElizabeth, PAGraham , NYSIHI PumpsGrand Island, NYUnique SystemsCedar Knolls, NJVooner FloGardCharlotte, NCCONTENTSPageFOREWORD .. INTRODUCTION .. 1 Purpose .. 1 Scope .. FUNDAMENTALS .. 1 Nomenclature .. 1 Operating Principles .. 1 Arrangements for Water Removal .. 1 Definitions of Terms.

2 1 Notation .. 3 Symbols .. 3 CONDENSER PERFORMANCE .. 4 Design Point .. 4 Basic Formula .. 4 Condenser Duty .. 4 Turbine Service .. 4 Process Service .. 4 Terminal Difference .. 4 Outlet Water Temperature .. 4 Condensing Water Quantity .. 4 Noncondensible Load .. 5 Turbine Service .. 5 Process Service .. 5 Air Liberated From Condensing Water .. 5 Gas-Vapor Outlet Load .. CONDENSER ENGINEERING DATA .. 13 Condenser Water Ratings .. 13 Vapor Inlet Size .. 13 Vapor Piping .. 13 Turbulent Flow of Air or Steam .. 13 Streamline Flow of Air .. 14 Equivalent Length of Pipe.

3 14 Water Outlet Size .. INSTALLATION .. 18 Condensing Water Inlet .. 18 Condensing Water Pumping Head .. 18 Condensing Water Suction Lift .. 18 Barometric Condenser Water Outlet .. 19 Tailpipe Height .. 19 Tailpipe Arrangement .. 19 Hotwell .. 19 Low Level Condenser Water Outlet .. 20 Suction Lift .. 20 Removal Pump .. ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DEVICES .. 20 General .. 20 Atmospheric Relief Valves .. 21 Rupture Devices .. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS .. 21 Mechanical Design Criteria .. 21 Scope .. 21 Nozzle Loads .. 21 Nomenclature .. 22 External Forces and Moments.

4 23 Sample Problem .. 23 External Loading Connecting Piping .. 27 Wind and/or Seismic Loading .. 27iii Typical Materials of Construction Fabricated Direct Contact Condensers .. 27 Corrosion Allowance .. 27 Name Plates .. 27 Manufacturer s Testing for Leakage .. 27 Impact Properties .. 27 Preparation for Shipment .. 27 Cleaning Exterior Surfaces .. 27 Painting Exterior Surfaces .. 27 Protection of Machined Flanged Surfaces .. 27 Protection of Weld End Connections .. FABRICATION STANDARDS .. 28 Shell Thickness .. 28 Flat Covers .. 28 Dished Heads .. 28 Conical Heads .. 28 Manholes and Inspection Openings.

5 28 Interface Configurations .. 28 Weld Ends .. 28 Threaded Connections .. 28 Supports .. 28 Number of Supporting Feet .. 28 Continuous Ring .. 28 Welding .. 28 Types of Welds and Joints .. 28 Inspection Standard for Welds .. 32 Weld Inspection Methods and Equipment .. 32 Weld Categories .. 32 Acceptance Levels .. 32 Tolerances .. QUALITY ASSURANCE .. 37 APPENDICESA ppendix A Bibliography for Air Leakage Estimation Methods .. 37 Appendix B Conversion Factors for Pressure and Volume .. 38 Appendix C Units of Measure and Conversion Factors .. 39 FIGURESFig. 1 Spray Type Counterflow .. 2 Fig. 2 Spray Type Parallel Flow.

6 2 Fig. 3 Weir and Tray Type Counterflow .. 3 Fig. 4 Ring and Disc Counterflow .. 3 Fig. 5 Typical Air Leakage Values for Commercially Tight System .. 7 Fig. 6 Allowance to be Made for Air in Condensing Water .. 8 Fig. 7 Air and Water Vapor Mixture Data (Dalton s Law) .. 9 Fig. 8 Air and Water Vapor Mixture Data (Dalton s Law) .. 10 Fig. 9 Air and Water Vapor Mixture Data (Dalton s Law) .. 11 Fig. 10 Air and Water Vapor Mixture Data (Dalton s Law) .. 12 Fig. 11 Evaluation Curves for Friction Losses of Air and Steam Flowing Turbulently in Commercial Pipe at Low Pressures .. 15 Fig. 12 Friction Factor for Streamline Flow of Air at Absolute Pressures from 50 Microns Mercury to 1 Millimeter Mercury .. 16 Fig. 13 Absolute Viscosity of Air.

7 17 Fig. 14 Barometric Condenser Installation .. 18 Fig. 15 Tailpipe Arrangement .. 19 Fig. 16 Hotwell Design .. 20 Fig. 17 Low Level Condenser Installation .. 20 Fig. 18 Nozzle Load Nomenclature .. 22 Fig. 19 Allowable Nozzle Loads .. 24 Fig. 20 Allowable Nozzle Loads .. 25 Fig. 21 Allowable Nozzle Loads .. 26 Fig. 22 Stiffening Rings Required Moment of Inertia I .. 29 Fig. 23 Flat Covers .. 30ivCONTENTS (continued)vFig. 24 Welding Nomenclature .. 35 Fig. 25 Flange Tolerances .. 36 TABLEST able 1 Air Leakage Allowance .. 5 Table 2 Properties of Saturated Water Vapor .. 6 Table 3 Maximum Inlet Velocities for Saturated Steam .. 13 Table 4 Maximum Theoretical Suction Lift in Feet of Water at 32 F .. 19 Table 5 Recommended Minimum Effective Height of Tailpipe.

8 19 Table 6 Atmospheric Relief Valve Sizes .. 21 Table 7 Typical Flanges for Vacuum Service .. 31 Table 8 Weld Acceptance Criteria .. 33 CONTENTS (continued)