Transcription of HP Archive
1 HP Archive This vintage Hewlett Packard document was preserved and distributed by www. Please visit us on the web ! On-line curator: Daniel Sheen }l~"-",.:"""'. #jJSTANDINGWAVEINUICATOR(1-lr9 OPERATINGANDSERVICINGMANUALFORMODEL415 BSTANDINGWAVEINDICATORSERIAL4183 ANDABOVE(I,;..~'.tCopyrightHEwLETT-PACKA RDCOMPANY1955275 PAGEMILLROAD,PALOALTO,CALIFORNIA, FREQUENCY:SENSITIVITY:NOISELEVEL:AMPLIFI ERQ:CALIBRATION:RANGE:SCALESELECTOR:.MET ERSCALES:GAINCONTROL:INPUT:RECORDEROUTPU T:lNPUTCONNECTOR:POWER:DIMENSDNS:WEIGHT: ACCESSORIESFURNISHED:i\.CCESSORIESAVAILA BLE:SPECIFICATIONS1000cps 2%. } ~ , db."Normal"~"Expand"~and"-5db".SWR1-4~SW R3-10, ,db0-10, "Bolo"(200ohms). ; "Crystal".200ohmsforcrystalrectifier."20 0,000ohms". rnafullscaledeflec-tion~ 10%~60cps, :7-1/2"wide~11-1/2"high,12-1/4" :19"Wide,7"high,11-3/4" :Net13 Ibs.~ :Net18 Ibs., ,44inchesofRG-58/U50ohmcoaxialcabletermi natedatoneendonlywithaUG-88 ,4feetofRG-58/U50ohmcoaxialcableterminat edateachendwithUG-88 1-1 INTRODUCTORYI nhighfrequencyapplications,standing-wave mea-surementsarethecustomarymeansofinves tigatingtheimpedancematchoftransmissions ystems,varioustypesofterminationssuchasa ntennasandloads,andoth21'high-frequencyd evicessuchasconnectors,transitions, ,fixed-frequencyelectronicmetercalibrate dtoindicatedirectlybothvoltageandpowerst anding-waveratioswhenusedwithsquarelawde tectorssuchascrystaldiode!))
2 " , ,abarret-tel' ,thecorrectbiascurrentisautomaticallysup pliedthroughtheinputjack, , , , 3 ELECTRICALCHARACTERISTICSTheModel415 BStandingWaveIndicatorisdesignedandcalib ratedtomeasureasignal-obtainedfromsquare -lawdevicessuchascrystaldiodes(atlowsign allevels)andbarretters;however, (whensetforCRYSTALorBOLO operation) dbsothatreadingsnormallyreadfroma ,or200,000ohmsasselectedbytheBOLO-CRYSTA L-200, , 2% 1milliampererecorder(orotherindicatingde vice) , 1ampere"Slo-Blo" 4 APPLICATIONSThe<tiJModel415 BStandingWaveIndicatorhasbeenspecificall ydesignedforusewiththe!5f; wsthevariousHewlett-Packardinstrumentsfo rtheseservicesarrangedbyfrequencycoverag e. ~-SLon~tINE--. @1@+tTI@ @ @U .,. <t) \+--CRYSTALDETECTORP421 ,TYPE'N'SYSTEM\..)IIl<J440 ADETECTORMOUNT,422 BBROADBANDPROBE., <JFORWAVEGUIDESLOnED~ <tiJMicrowaveEquipmentforSlottedLineMeas urementarrangedbyfrequencyrange 2-1 INTRODUCTIONT hissectioncontainscompleteoperatinginstr uctionsfortheModel415 BStandingWaveIndicator,testset-upinstruc tions, ,considerableattentionshouldbegiventothe variousmeasurementdiscussions,LowVSWR,Hi ghVSWR,PrecautionswithDetectors, :2-2 Installation2-3 RequiredSignalSource2-4 Measurements2-5 HowtoOperatetheModel415B2-6 PrecautionswhenusingCrystalDetectors2-7 DetectorProbePenetration2-8 PrecautionswithSignalSources2-9 HighVSWR's2-10 LowVSWR's2-11 ImpedanceMeasurementRules2-12 ImpedanceMeasurementProcedure2-13 ImpedanceMeasurementandtheSmithChart2-14 ProcedureforSmithChartCalculations2-2 INSTALLATIONThe415 BStandingWaveIndicatorhasbeenrigidlytest edandinspectedbeforebeings~ , found,followtheprocedureoutlinedinthe"Cl aimforDamageinShipment" ,orintherack-mountingmodel.
3 , (whichareincapableofsinusoidalampli-tude modulationwithoutseriousfrequencymodulat ion)itiscommonpracticetokeythemodulating electrodeoftheklystronfromasquare-wavege neratortoob-tain100% (tothefrequencyofthe415B). ,caremustbetakenthatthe415 Bisnotoverloaded,,.,em" ,thedutycycleshouldbenotlessthanapproxim ately40%.Sincethe415 Binputinthe200nCRYSTAL positionisthroughatransformer, , , , ,undercertaincondition:;;, ,alongwithtechniquesforminimizingthem, ~ ,particularlyindesignanddevelopment,wher eagreaterknowledgeoftheloadisrequired,an dthiscanbeobtainedbymeasuringtheposition oftheminimuminthestanding-wavepattern(pr obecar-riagesareusuallyequippedwithanacc uratescaleandindicatorforthispurpose).Th eminimumisusuallynotuseddirectly,butisco mparedtothepositionoftheminimumwhensomek nownload(for :NIR,1db,1 VSWR expandedand1 )(tl(" :::~Jii(tl~ "~:~'",',-4'-:.'..,'.:".'-M:1:..\"',:.~. GAINRECORDER ({Q)~ ~edscales,normalscales,orshiftmeterdown- scaleby5decibels.)))}
4 ,".j':-,,'.."::~'.,;'.::~:~;' !200n200n-200 Knr::;\ "~j:.,:"r:;.~'.. , , ) , , , , , ) (solidpointerlineinFigure2-3), )Ifthereadingattheminimumislowerthan3ont heuppermostscale(dashedpointerlineAinFig ure2-3),settheSWR-DBRANGE switchtothenextrangeandreadtheindication onthesecondvswr(3to10) (dashedpointerlineB). (B);, )IftheSWR-DBRANGE switchhastobechangedbytworangesthescales hiftstwice,backtothetopscaleagain;howeve r, ) XPAND,themeterpointerwill"pin"downscalea ndmustberesettofull-scalebyincreasingthe metersensitivityusingtheGAINcon- ) ' "tip-ringsleeve" ; , , , ,theshiftinthemaximaandminimawillnotbeeq ual, 7 DETECTORPROBEPENETRATIONA generalruleinslottedlineworkisthatthepen e-trationofasamplingprobeintothelineshou ldbeheldtoa , ,ifnecessary,toagainobtainafull-scalerea dingW' , (smallpenetration) , ,omthatontheattenuataI'ofthesignalgenera tor, ,adjustthedetectortoobtainafull-scalerea dingonthe30db-rangeofthestandingwaveindi cator(GAIN controlsettomaximum).
5 'Themeteronthestanding-waveindi-catorsho uldagainreadfull-scale, (SWR)4!/Ii/I11/IJ/II/!/-~.I/I/-J!I/IiiV! % , , ~sa fewmicro-watts,orwhenareadingoffullscale onthe30-dbrangeofthestandingwaveindicato rwiththeGAIN controlsettomaximumisobtained. ' , , , , ,say,15%secondharmoniccontent, , , (seeparagraph2-9,"HighVSWR's",forexample ofthisformofmeasurement). ,theminimumshouldbedefinitelysmall(highv swr) ,locationoftheminimumina , , ,frequencymodulation, ,for,unlessveryslight, ~ ~owCDo0 ~I,k-A,,III,'I" ,. (A)FreeofFM(B)WithModerateFM=-========== =======-,-----, , 'mea-suringnominalvswr's uptotherangeof10-12,butathighervswr' , , ,thereisdangeroftheerrorcausedbya changeindetectorcharacteristicsasther-fe nergyincreasestoa muchhigherleveLThereisavailableformeasur inghighvswr's amethodthatisaccuratewithinapproximately 1% (SeeFigure2-7) (d1- d2)WhereAListheguidewavelengthinemandd1a ndd2arethelocationsofthetwotwice-minimum points, ,orifalinearreceiverisused, , , ,theminimumshouldbedefin-itelysmall(high vswr).
6 ,..IZEml"aloa::A.!; ~E_~ "ETE~SPROBEPOSITIONhVSWR=."( IX)2 10 LOWVSWR' , ,thesereflectionsareagainreflected, ,thephaseofthereflectionsischanged, ,itonlybecomesimportantwhenmea-suringlow vswr'sintheorderof2orless, ,ofcourse, ,whenthevswrislow, , , :Theshiftintheminimumwhentheloadisshorte disnevermorethan , , , ,theloadiscom-pletelyresistiveandhasaval ueofZox , '.GENERATORIFMINIMUMSHIFTS>"'/4, VSWRLOADMINIMUM:/MINIMUMWILLSHIFTTO~VMIN IMUMWILLSHIFTTO~THISREGIONIFLOADTHISREGI ONIFLOADISINDUCTIVE\SCAPACITIVEILOAD+~4 IFMINIMUMDOESNOTSHIFT, ! ( +-SHORT04-LOADAnd: Ad==Shiftincentimetersoftheminimump:> zLWhere:XA"21 -j(VSWR)TanX(VSWH)-iTanX~dtakesapositive (+)signwhentheminimumshiftstowardtheload .~dtakesanegative(-) ,oneofthemostindispensabletoolsandcer-ta inlythesimplesttouse, * , , , *Smith, "Transmission-lineCalculator"Electronics , , , , ,1948, + ,- jX .~Forexample,theimpedancepointofalineter minatedbyitscharacteristicimpedancewould bethecenterofthechart( ).)
7 Inanotherexampleofactualimpedancecalcula tion:ZL=5+j25ohmsNormalizedfora50ohmline wouldbe:zN= + , (. \).. (eithertowardtheloadortowardthegenerator )whentheloadwasreplacedbyashorttothequan tity. \ ,theSmithChartwouldbeenteredwithA.\ , ,thewavelengthofthelineis30em(AL) (towardgenerator).(. ld=22-19= (.\L). \3 ld(theshiftincentimetersoftheminimumpoin twiththeshortapplied). + '''' , (..,0?.;,;~..~~ ~0?..0.;i::f';:>.. ,A(l~I,~~II1\IINPUTIlVSWR\INPUT-115 DBMETERTRANSFORMERSELECTIVECbAMPLIFIER(3 00 BGAIN)AMPLIFIERVIV2V3 POWERSUPPLYPOWER115/230 VACTRANSFORMERRECTIFIERSERIESTUBE+240 VDC-TIV 4V 6 REFERENCETUBEV7 CHASSISGROUNDF igure3-1,Mode1415 BBlockDiagram(J) 'dPJaq11lo;',~.~~= 1 CIRCUITDESCRIPTIONTheModel415 BStandingWaveIndicatorconsistsofahigh-ga inamplifier,a 1000cycleresonantcir-cuit, , , , + :1step-upinputtransformerT2, , ,barretterorarelativelyhigh-impedancedev ice(bridgecircuit,etc.). ;exceptthattheprimarywindingisnowreturne dtoacur-rentsource,R2andR3,providingd-co peratingbiasthroughthetransformerwinding toany200ohmdetectorelementconnectedtothe inputjack~TheHIGH-LOWtoggleswitchshuntst hecurrentsourcewithRIsothattwodifferentv aluesofbias( ) ,S5, ,toobtainsquarelawmetercalibration, ,VIA, , , (GAIN controlR22 AandB) ,oneprovidingapproximately25db( dbonthemeterscale)ofcontrolforcoarseadju stments, db( ) ,wheninthe-5dbposition, ,theplatecircuitofthelaststageisloadedwi thparallelresonantcircuit,Zl, 1000-cpssig-naltopassunattenuated, , , ,whensettotheEXPAND position,appliedad-cbuckingvoltagetothem eterrectifierssothatameterreadingisforce doff-scale, , ; 4 POWERSUPPLYT hepowersupplyconsistsofapowertransformer withasinglehigh-voltagewindingfeedinga fullwaverectifierandelectrOnicvoltagereg ulatorsupplying+ , ,orvariableresistor, +atthecathodeofV5tendstoincrease~ ~.)))
8 Voltagetendstodecrease,thereverseoftheab oveactionoccurs, , , 10voltpointonthevoltagedividerstickR44,R 45, ,selectatubethatminimizesthenoiseindicat ionandifpossiblethemicrophonicsalso.** ( ) (usually1000cps).Theapproximategainfrome achstageisasfollows:DBGAIN(approx.) ** ,theoutputvoltageofthepowersupply ~ :4-2 TROUBLESHOOTINGTHE4158 TheModel415 Bisbasicallyahigh-gain,tunedamplifierwit ha"relative" '7 TestandAdjustmentProcedure(General) ~ ~ , ~ ~Model4000,400H, ~ ~ "ring"ofa1/4inchdiameter"tip-ring-sleeve "phoneplugandthenegativeterminaltothe"ti p".---ABNC connectorwitha ~ModelAC-16 Abananaplugtobananaplugshieldedcablesand an~ (General) , ~ Idbchangeonthemeterfora ,each10dbsteponthe415 Brangeswitchrep-resentsa , (( (pin3) '?bymorethan l%. ~ ; '' ' ,checkresistorsR'..R2,andR3aswellasthepo wersupplyoutputvoltagr:>. :' ~ ;;,ThebasicsensitivityoftheModel415 Bcanbeob-tainedbydiVidingthemeterindicat ionby1,000, ,000, ,tryseveralreplacementtubesforVI,V2 ':)HOR.)
9 'vLSHIELDEDCABLE-hp-AC-16A-h,r200 CDSHIELDEDCABLE-~--~-AC-16A3508 AUDIOOSCillATOR80-5-37 Figure4-LInstrumentCon -" "0" "reference". (totheleftof)the"reference" ,repeatthefollOWingprocedureuntila , ! "fullscale" "fullscale"point.(..'.. ;' '_-:f"~._ .. _~ t '..54R47V5C13 ADJUST+245VT2V6C12C2C3R9C1C4R6R4C5~~;--- JlI---,"+--R 19\':,J:-::/\~( (l)nr+<~aq(l)0)""I,OICoz,~~:I:~',OOUf:=rJ3-<>--"WICR' ~OO"""0.'0 ,B,eo53A,B,e054A,BrANGE'WI!..osICD180 LOI(1)Em::J(1)l:IJ(1)I'oonl(!)INORNALI(j )[!2](i)(200,0001\I(j)IO:PAHOI(j)l!EJ0[! )(j) ](!)[12](j)(i2J- NOTES'-.,.100,IOOOCPSSTANDARO, 'TlONS0"vOlJ"OtM'ASUA'M[!r(' "nov,!oO ,ot\" '0'ANDNOR\lAL,.DCVOLTAGESIIIEA5 UREDB(:TWHHINDiCATEDl"Ol~T1 ANOCHU'ISWITHAVOLTMETER0'122 IolEGOHWINPUTRtSI$TANClCAPACITANCE,~"'Io ' $UNLESSOTH[ .CONCEHTlUCCONTROL-+-,eHU51'HEAVYLINEUiD ICATEfCOilllllONTI~POINTfORGROUNDING,0.' 10<'I',I""."1000""HKAMPLIFIERV212AX7." 0 SERIESTUBEV56AU5"IS'OK."27K.))))]]
10 "lOOKC'.oo~..f1'1"01,..,'!lOK" 1""'~D_'- #' "'0:nOOMETERAMPLIFIERV3HU6DJ8/ECC8B54Bi' ,,'\f\I\,"""I(j)~~; ,r<>>-----If---<DCO'1tlOlPI'll'v1I1Yl',nT.'. CCUOCO",,',unTWI4"~,II100"..4, ~1_,..,11", _,.. ' ''''..41''.., _ , ,.."u,IIh,4.'h lnt'IIft"ul4"tl~t".'~l".,.".,,Ilh,".. ~..tIC ,..,..,,,..,,.._,,..,.,,,JIlv) <D--+(j)II(;\"~-4 'B~II'0 CUAR[NT.,I"''''~t-201(LO'"'.~~~O~~;O~~05 2"IAr-'OSIm!:J, ,Model'4158 StondlngWoveIndleotor-~ ~~~S NOTEA nychangesintheTableofReplaceablePartswil lbelist :InstrumentModel'NumberSerialNumber(/jj) ,MFR.'"& ~ #ClC2C3A,B,CC4,5C6C7,8C9 Capacitor:fixed,paper, 10%,600vdcwCC'"Capacitor:fixed,electroly tic,18-5500 Jlf,15vdcwX*Capacitor:fixed,electrolytic ,3sections,18-3110 Jlf/sect.,450vdcwX*Capacitor:fixed,paper , 10%,600vdcwCC*Capacitor:fixed,paper, 10%,-600vdcwCC*Capacitor:fixed,paper, 10%,600vdcwCC*Capacitor:fixed,paper, 10%,400vdcwCC*1222123 CIOS ameasC2 CllA,B,CC12,13 SameasC3,A,B,CSameasC9 CRl,2 FlnRectifier,crystal:germaniumdiodeFuse, cartridge:1amp,115 VFuse,cartridge:1/2amp,230 VLamp,incandescent:6-8V.)]
