HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION

1 UK 147 0072 FAA/EASA PART 147 AIRCRAFT TYPE TRAINING COMPANY HUMAN FACTORS IN HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEUK 147 0072 PART 147 AIRCRAFT TYPE TRAINING COMPANY This booklet is the copyright material of and may not be copied or HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEHUMAN FACTORS - A COMPLETE COURSEC hapter 1 IntroductionThe Need To Take HUMAN FACTORS Into Account 2 Incidents and Accidents Attributable To HUMAN FACTORS / HUMAN Error 4 Murphy's Law 9 Summary9 Chapter 2 HUMAN Performance and LimitationsHuman Performance as Part of the maintenance Engineering System 12 Vision 12 Hearing

2 20 Information Processing 21 Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights 29 Summary31 Chapter 3 Social PsychologyThe Social Environment 34 Responsibility: Individual and Group 35 Motivation and De-motivation 39 Peer Pressure 40 Culture Issues 42Te a m Wo r k i n g 4 4 Management, Supervision and Leadership 47 maintenance Resource Management (MRM) 49 Summary52 Table of 4/1/2004 11:24 AM Page 1 HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEC hapter 4 FACTORS Affecting PerformanceFitness and Health 54 Stress.

3 Domestic and Work Related 56 Time Pressure and Deadlines 58 Workload - Overload and Underload 60 Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work 63 Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 67 Summary70 Chapter 5 Physical EnvironmentNoise 72 Fumes 72 Illumination 73 Climate and Temperature 75 Motion and Vibration 76 Confined Spaces 77 Working

4 Environment 77 Summary78 Chapter 6 TasksPhysical Work 80 Repetitive Tasks 81 Visual Inspection 82 Complex Systems 84 Summary85 Chapter 7 CommunicationWithin and Between Teams 88 Work Logging and Recording 91 Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency 92 Dissemination of Information 93 Summary94 Chapter 8 HUMAN ErrorUnderstanding HUMAN Error 96 Error Models and Theories 96 Types of Error in maintenance Tasks 102 Implications of Errors ( Accidents) 105 Avoiding and Managing Errors 106 Summary108 Chapter 9 Hazards In The WorkplaceRecognizing and Avoiding Hazards 110 Summary113 HUMAN FACTORS in AVIATION 4/1/2004 11:24 AM Page 2 HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEThis chapter introduces HUMAN FACTORS and explains its importance to the AVIATION industry.

5 It examines the relationship between HUMAN FACTORS andincidents largely in terms of HUMAN error and "Murphy's Law" ( , ifsomething cango wrong, it will).Introduction1 Chapter 4/1/2004 11:24 AM Page 3 HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEThe Need To Take HUMAN FACTORS Into AccountIn the early days of powered flight, the design, construction, and control of aircraft wasthe predominated focus. The main attributes of the first pilots were courage and themastery of a whole new set of skills in the struggle to control the new flying the technical aspects of flight were overcome, the role of the people associated withaircraft became more important.

6 Pilots were supported initially with mechanisms tohelp them stabilize the aircraft, and later with automated systems to assist the crewwith tasks such as navigation and communication. With the introduction of thesehighly complex systems the interface between the pilot and technician and the effectsof one on the other became very important. The study of HUMAN /machine interface isergonomics and the application of this science is HUMAN importance of HUMAN FACTORS to the aircraft maintenance technician , supervisorsand managers is essential.

7 This is because HUMAN FACTORS will affect everything they doin the course of their job in one way or is " HUMAN FACTORS "?The term " HUMAN FACTORS " is used in many differentways in the AVIATION industry. Most people known itin the context of aircraft cockpit design and CrewResource Management (CRM). However, thoseactivities are only a small part of AVIATION -related HUMAN FACTORS , as broadly speaking it coversall aspects of HUMAN involvement in use of the term " HUMAN FACTORS " in AVIATION maintenance engineering is new.

8 Aircraft accidentssuch as that of the Aloha aircraft in the USA in 19881and the BAC 1-11 windscreen accident in the UK inJune 19902focused attention on HUMAN FACTORS . Thisdoes not mean that HUMAN FACTORS issues were notpresent before these dates or that HUMAN error didnot contribute to other incidents only that it took anaccident to draw attention to HUMAN FACTORS problems and potential summary HUMAN FACTORS covers three areas of influence on people at work: The organization The job Personal factorsThese are affected by the systems of communication within the organization and thetraining system and procedures in operation all of which are directed at preventinghuman error and FACTORS in AVIATION Maintenance2A Definition ofHuman FactorsHuman FACTORS covers a range of issues including perceptual, physical andmental capabilities.

9 The interaction and effects onindividuals of their job andworking environments, theinfluence of equipment andsystem design on humanperformance and finally theorganizational characteristicswhich influence safetyrelated behavior at 4/1/2004 11:24 AM Page 4 HUMAN FACTORS REVIEWCOURSEH uman FACTORS includes: HUMAN physiology Psychology(including perception, cognition, memory, socialinteraction, error, etc.) Work place design Environmental conditions HUMAN -machine interface Anthropometrics (the scientific study of measurements of the HUMAN body)The SHEL ModelIt can be helpful to use a model to aid in the understanding of HUMAN FACTORS , oras a framework around which HUMAN FACTORS issues can be structured.

10 A modelwhich is often used is the SHEL model, a name derived from the initial letters ofits components: Software ( , maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals,checklist layout, etc.) Hardware ( , tools, test equipment, the physical structure ofaircraft, design of flight decks, positioning and operating sense ofcontrols and instruments, etc.) Environment ( , physical environment such as conditions in the hangar,conditions on the line, work environment such as work patterns, management structures, public perception of the industry, etc.)