HUMAN SECURITY NOW - ReliefWeb

1 COMMISSION ON HUMAN SECURITYHUMAN SECURITY NOWNew York2003 Copyright Commission on HUMAN SECURITY 2003 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other noncommercial purposes is authorized without priorpermission from the copyright holder. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior written permission of the copyright , design and production by Communications Development Incorporated in Washington, DC, with artdirection by its UK partner, Grundy & on front cover and chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5 by UNHCR. Photo in chapter 4 by PhotoDisc. Photos inchapters 6 and 7 by Curt Carnemark, World Bank Photo 0-9741108-0-9 Members of the Commission on HUMAN SecurityCo-chairsSadako OgataScholar-in-Residence, the Ford Foundation, andformer United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees Amartya SenMaster, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Nobel Laureate in Economics, 1998 CommissionersLakhdar BrahimiSpecial Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Afghanistan and UN Under Secretary-GeneralLincoln C.

2 ChenDirector, Global Equity Initiative, HarvardUniversity, and former Vice President of theRockefeller FoundationBronislaw GeremekHistorian, former Foreign Minister of PolandFrene Frenny Noshir GinwalaSpeaker of the National Assembly of theParliament, Republic of South Africa. Sonia Picado of the Board of Directors of the Inter-American Institute of HUMAN Rights Surin PitsuwanMember of Parliament and former Minister ofForeign Affairs, ThailandDonna E. ShalalaPresident of the University of Miami and formerSecretary of Health and HUMAN services , UnitedStatesPeter SutherlandChairman and Managing Director, Goldman SachsInternational, Chairman of BP and formerDirector-General of the General Agreement onTariffs and TradeAlbert TevoedjreSpecial Envoy of the UN Secretary-General forC te d Ivoire, former Deputy Director General ofthe International Labour Organization and formerMinister of Planning, BeninCarl ThamSwedish Ambassador to Germany and formerSecretary-General of the Olof Palme Centre iiiMembers of the Commission on HUMAN SecurityWhen the idea of an independent Commission forHuman SECURITY was launched at the 2000 UNMillennium Summit, there was general agreementon the importance of freedom from want and freedom from fear.

3 Today, three years later, thefears are larger and the apprehensions greater. Thisreport is an attempt to respond to both old andnew worries and also to the underlying reasons forconcern. In addition to the persistent problems andvulnerabilities with which the world has long beenfamiliar, there is a new wave of dramatic crises atthe turn of the millennium related to terroristattacks, ethnic violence, epidemics and suddeneconomic downturns. There is also a fear thatexisting institutions and policies are not able tocope with weakening multilateralism, fallingrespect for HUMAN rights, eroding commitments toeradicate poverty and deprivation, outdatedsectarian perspectives in education systems and thetendency to neglect global responsibilities in anincreasingly interrelated the same time, the opportunities forworking towards removing insecurity across theworld are also larger now than ever , despite its challenges, creates newopportunities for economic expansion and, ifproperly aligned, can reach peoples and countriesthat were previously excluded.

4 Democraticprinciples and practices are continuing to gainground and to attract stronger support. There hasalso been a massive increase in the role of civilsociety and of community organizations. Further,the Millennium Development Goals represent amajor initiative aimed at removing deprivations,on which efforts to improve HUMAN SECURITY report should be seen in the light of theincreased challenges the world faces and theenhanced opportunities. HUMAN SECURITY isconcerned with safeguarding and expanding people svital freedoms. It requires both shielding people fromacute threats and empowering people to take chargeof their own lives. Needed are integrated policies thatfocus on people s survival, livelihood and dignity,during downturns as well as in demands of HUMAN SECURITY involve abroad range of interconnected issues. In its work,the Commission has concentrated on a number ofdistinct but interrelated areas concerned withconflict and poverty, protecting people duringviolent conflict and in post-conflict situations,defending people who are forced to move,overcoming economic insecurities, guaranteeingthe availability and affordability of essential healthcare, and ensuring the elimination of illiteracy andeducational deprivation and of schools thatpromote intolerance.

5 The recommendations of theCommission involve policies aimed at bothempowerment and protection, and focus on whatcan be done in the short and the long run toenhance the opportunities for eliminatinginsecurities across the report can, of course, be no more than abeginning, but it is, we believe, extremelyimportant to move rapidly in the right task demands leadership and vision as well ascommitment from the world community.**The independent Commission on HUMAN SECURITY was an initiative of the Government of Japan. We are grateful for the support and encouragement of UN Secretary-ivForewordForewordGeneral Kofi Annan and the active engagement andcommitment to HUMAN SECURITY of successive PrimeMinisters of Japan: Keizo Obuchi, Yoshiro Moriand Junichiro Koizumi. The continuing support ofRuud Lubbers, UN High Commissioner forRefugees, and Mark Malloch-Brown, Administratorof the United Nations Development Programme,made possible the establishment of the CommissionSecretariat and implementation of its researchprogramme.

6 We would like to express our deepappreciation for their cooperation and advice. Weplan to carry forward their ideas as well as theoutcomes of the Commission s work into a newAdvisory Board for HUMAN SECURITY . The work of the Commission receivedgenerous financial support from the Ministry ofForeign Affairs of Japan. It also received supportfrom the Government of Sweden, the WorldBank, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the JapanCenter for International Exchange. The UnitedNations Office for Project services efficientlymanaged the administrative arrangements. We aregrateful for their generosity and confidence in ourwork. The commissioners each brought uniquecontributions to the Commission s work, reflectingtheir wide-ranging professional expertise andpersonal commitment. Their insights contributedenormously to the richness of this report. We arenow counting on them to assist in translating theconcept of HUMAN SECURITY into concrete policyprogrammes in their regions of the , we would like to thank those indeeda great many who have shared theirunderstanding, fears and hopes about humansecurity with the Commission in many parts of theworld.

7 We count on everyone s continuing supportto advance HUMAN SECURITY around the world. vSadako OgataAmartya SenviContentsMembers of the Commission on HUMAN SecurityiiiForewordivChapter 1 HUMAN SECURITY now1 SECURITY centred on people not states2 Protection and empowerment for HUMAN security10 Interdependence and shared sovereignty12 Feature: Special issues in HUMAN security14 Chapter 2 People caught up in violent conflict20 Changes in violent conflict21 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach24 Policy conclusions33 Chapter 3 People on the move40 Movements of people and state security42 Movements of people and development44 Filling gaps in the institutional and normative frameworks45 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach46 Policy conclusions52 Chapter 4 Recovering from violent conflict56 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach58 Ensuring public safety61 Meeting immediate humanitarian needs63 Launching rehabilitation and reconstruction64 Emphasizing reconciliation and coexistence65 Promoting governance and empowerment66A new resource mobilization strategy69 Policy conclusions70 Chapter 5 Economic SECURITY the power to choose among opportunities72 Poverty and HUMAN security73 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach73 Policy

8 Conclusions90 Chapter 6 Better health for HUMAN security94 The links between health and HUMAN security96 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach102 Policy conclusions109 Chapter 7 Knowledge, skills and values for HUMAN security113 Connecting basic education to HUMAN security114 Adopting a HUMAN SECURITY approach116 Policy conclusions124 ContentsviiChapter 8 Ways to advance the SECURITY of people129A global initiative for HUMAN security131 Addressing the basics133 Linking the many initiatives in a global alliance142 Outreach for HUMAN security144 About the Commission on HUMAN Rethinking SECURITY : An imperative for Africa? HUMAN SECURITY and state Development, rights and HUMAN Conflict data are state-centred, not Conflict and interpersonal Compassion fatigue and humanitarian Civil society and conflict in multiethnic Managing massive population movements the break-up of the former Soviet Ensuring refugee Gaps in today s post-conflict Imagine Coexistence projects in Rwanda and The challenge of extreme The market economy, non-market institutions and HUMAN The importance of foreign direct Trade and People s alternatives: the case of Civil society and HUMAN Controlling infectious Ensuring HUMAN SECURITY for women: reproductive What role can antiretroviral drugs play in combating the HIV/AIDS threat?

9 Minimizing threats to HUMAN SECURITY through global health Community-based health Private sector partnerships for education in South Famines, wars and information Inflammatory The power of the information media for tolerance or Global inequality and persistent Countries with the largest number of international migrants, Countries with the largest number of internally displaced persons, Key HUMAN SECURITY clusters following violent Estimated global violence-related deaths, UNHCR data on refugee population and movements, 1992 The global burden of disease, Health and HUMAN SECURITY Estimates of current and future HIV/AIDS-infected adults in next-wave Estimated world illiteracy rates, by region and gender, 2000114 HUMAN SECURITY now1 With HUMAN SECURITY theobjective, there must be astronger and more integratedresponse from communities andstates around the globeToday s global flows of goods, services , finance,people and images spotlight the manyinterlinkages in the SECURITY of all people.

10 Weshare a planet, a biosphere, a technologicalarsenal, a social fabric. The SECURITY of oneperson, one community, one nation rests on thedecisions of many others sometimesfortuitously, sometimes precariously. Politicalliberalization in recent decades has shiftedalliances and begun movements towardsdemocracy. These processes openedopportunities for people but also new faultlines. And political and economic instabilities,some involving bitter conflicts with heavycasualties and dislocations, have broken outwithin states. Thus people throughout theworld, in developing and developed countriesalike, live under varied conditions of have gradually responded. The UnitedNations completed more peacekeeping operationsin the 1990s than ever in its history. It alsonegotiated new international agreements to stopsome threats. Transnational corporations, workingin many countries, have transformed scientific andinformational advances into practical regularly navigate diverse markets andcultures, facilitating the exchange of goods andservices.